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Animal Diseases > Central Nervous System Disease ALL > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Disease ALL Flashcards

1
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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2
Q

Myelitis

A

inflammation of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of protective membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated limb movements

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5
Q

Tremors

A

fine muscle contractions

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6
Q

Seizures/convulsions

A

involuntary violent muscle contractions

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7
Q

Opisthotonus

A

stargazing muscle rigidity, looking at the sky

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8
Q

Torticollis

A

head tilt “wry neck”

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9
Q

Paresis

A

weak motor function, weakness

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10
Q

Paralysis

A

no motor function, unable to move

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord inside the skull and vertebral column

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12
Q

How can CSF be tested?

A
  1. sampled for cytology/cellular analysis
  2. culture, PCR, antibody test, virus isolation
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13
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low blood sugar

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14
Q

Signs of Hypoglycemia

A

listelessness -> seizures -> coma -> death

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15
Q

How do you confirm diagnosis of Hypoglycemia?

A

with blood evaluation glucometer

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16
Q

Treatment of Hypoglycemia

A

with glucose containing fluids only give oral if they can swallow

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17
Q

Polioencephalomalacia

A

edema, swelling, and necrosis of cerebral grey matter and may cause brain to herniate

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18
Q

Signs of Polioencephalomalacia

A

ataxia, recumbency, head pressing, central blindness, opisthotonos, muscle tremors, seizures, nystagmus, changes in consciousness

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19
Q

Causes Polioencephalomalacia

A

thiamine deficiency now

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20
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

A

associated with rumen acidosis, rumen rely on microorganisms for adequate production of vitamin B1

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21
Q

Thiaminases

A

enzymes that breakdown thiamine

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22
Q

What causes Vitamin B1 Deficiency

A

ingestion of medication s that block thiamine activity or thiamin’s contains plants

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23
Q

How to diagnose Vitamin B1 Deficiency?

A

response to vitamin B1 supplementation

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24
Q

How to prevent Vitamin B1 Deficiency?

A

providing good quality roughage, slowing adapting to any diet changes, avoiding toxic plants

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25
Q

Thiamine is also called…

A

vitamin B1

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26
Q

Menigoencephalitis

A

inflammation in and around the brain

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27
Q

What is Menigoencephalitis often a results of?

A

a systemic infection or infection with opportunitistic secondary invaders

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28
Q

Signs of Menigoencephalitis

A

fever, changes in consciousness, recumbency, ataxia, seizures, circling, paralysis, blindness

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29
Q

Diagnosis of Menigoencephalitis

A

sampling of CSF (culture, cytology, PCR) +/- blood

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30
Q

Treatment of Menigoencephalitis

A

supportive care, antimicrobial , anti-inflammatories, anti-seizure medication

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31
Q

Do animals normally survive Menigoencephalitis ?

A

most do not

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32
Q

Listeriosis

A

listeria monocytogenes , gram positive rod bacteria, can survive in environment for YEARS

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33
Q

Is Listeriosis zoonotic or reportable?

A

both

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34
Q

How do people get Listeriosis?

A

unpasteurized milk

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35
Q

Signs of Listeriosis

A

hindlimb paresis or paralysis, torticollis, opisthotonos

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36
Q

Lesions of Listeriosis

A

septicemia, abortions, mastitis, and focal encephalitis/menigoencephalitis with microabscesses and necrosis

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37
Q

Transmission of Listeriosis

A

feces, nasal and ocular secretions, uterine fluid, and milk my ingestion, inhalation, and wound contamination

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38
Q

Diagnosis of Listeriosis

A

post-mortem finding with culture and antibody test, also serology

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39
Q

Treatment of Listeriosis

A

antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and supportive care can be attempted but mostly FATAL

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40
Q

Prevention of Listeriosis

A

good food and animal hygiene

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41
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis

A

raccoon roundworm

42
Q

Transmission of Baylisascaris procyonis

A

ingestion of aberrant larva that migrates throughout body to CNS and ocular tissue

43
Q

Signs of Baylisascaris procyonis

A

blindness, seizures, other CNS signs

44
Q

Diagnosis of Baylisascaris procyonis

A

in nonhuman animals on necropsy or if you see the larva in their eye

45
Q

Prevention of Baylisascaris procyonis

A

regular deworming may kill larvae and limiting access to raccoons

46
Q

Rabies

A

rhabdovirus, enveloped RNA virus

47
Q

Is rabies zoonotic or reportable?

A

both

48
Q

Is rabies fatal?

A

yes 100%

49
Q

Transmission of rabies

A

through saliva or bite, common animals are bats, skunks, foxes raccoons

50
Q

Lesions of rabies

A

encephalitis

51
Q

Signs of rabies

A

depression, ataxia, paralysis, aggression, behavior changes, swallowing frequently with foamy salivation, colic, furious vs dumb version

52
Q

Who should be vaccinated for rabies?

A

everyone but mainly horses!

53
Q

For livestock if signs suggests rabies what should you do?

A

euthanize animals and submit head or entire brain for testing

54
Q

If they have never been vaccinated for rabies but showing signs:

A

euthanize immediately or in special cases quarantine for 6 months

55
Q

If the animal is vaccinated but showing possible signs:

A

give booster and observe for 45 days

56
Q

Pseudorabies

A

herpes virus enveloped DNA virus

57
Q

Pseudorabies primarily affects:

A

swine

58
Q

Reservoirs for Pseudorabies

A

feral swine

59
Q

Who can Pseudorabies also infect besides pigs?

A

cattle, sheep, cats, dogs, goats, wildlife, raccoons, opossums, skunks, rodents

60
Q

Pseudorabies is also know as the ___________ disease. For its signs in non-swine animals.

A

Mad itch

61
Q

Is Pseudorabies reportable?

A

yes

62
Q

What pigs are most susceptible to Pseudorabies?

A

piglets bron to naive glit/sow

63
Q

Swine neonate Pseudorabies signs:

A

death with or without signs

64
Q

Nursing pigs Pseudorabies signs:

A

CNS signs, foaming mouth, seizures, tremors, fever, vomiting

65
Q

Older pigs Pseudorabies signs:

A

respiratory signs +/- CNS signs and reproductive failure out recover and become carriers

66
Q

Lesions of Pseudorabies

A

meningoencephalitis, rhinitis, and placentitis

67
Q

What does mad itch cause?

A

meningoencephalitis, ataxia, circling, aggression, seizures, recumbency, intent itching

68
Q

Is Pseudorabies fatal?

A

100% fatal most die before antibodies develop 2-3 days

69
Q

Diagnosis of Pseudorabies

A

virus isolation or PCR on nervous tissue

70
Q

How is Pseudorabies transmitted?

A

infected respiratory secretions and aborted fetuses by direct contact contamination of feed and water and aerosol

71
Q

Diagnosis of Pseudorabies

A

virus isolation, brain, lung, nasal swabs, serologic test

72
Q

Control of Pseudorabies

A

vaccine available, avoid contact with swine

73
Q

TSE

A

transmissible spongiform encephalopahty

74
Q

Prion

A

proteinaceous infectious particle, self replicating that lacks nucleic acid

75
Q

What do prions do?

A

misfiling and accumulation of prion affected protein in nervous tissue

76
Q

How are prions in environment?

A

highly resistant in environment but be burned

77
Q

Examples of Prion diseases

A

scrapie, BSE, CWD

78
Q

Scrapie

A

neurodegenerative disease in sheep

79
Q

What type of sheep is more at risk for Scrapie?

A

blacked faced breeds and younger individuals

80
Q

Signs of Scrapie

A

wasting, itchiness, behavioral changes, gait abnormalities, blindness, inability to swallow, changes in vocalization

81
Q

Transmission of Scrapie

A

not fully understood, thought to come from ingestion of infected placenta or allantoic fluids by flock mates and new born lambs

82
Q

Diagnosis of Scrapie

A

demonstration of PrP^sc on biopsy of lymph tissue (3rd eyelid most common) or in CNS from necropsy

83
Q

Treatment of Scrapie

A

none cull them

84
Q

Reportable? Scrapie

A

yes

85
Q

Prevention of Scrapie

A

good biosecurity and selective breeding for more resistant animals

86
Q

Mad Cow disease

A

cattle prion disease caused from eating infected meat and bone meal

87
Q

Classical BSE

A

primarily food born exposure to prion via meat or bone meal

88
Q

Incubation period for BSE

A

2-8 years

89
Q

Atypical BSE

A

occurs spontaneously

90
Q

Zoonotic BSE

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

91
Q

Signs of BSE

A

increased sensory sensitivity, agitation, ataxia, reluctance to be milked, aggression and tremors

92
Q

How long does BSE progress?

A

3 months after onset is normally when it is terminal

93
Q

Treatment for BSE

A

none and no vaccine

94
Q

Control of BSE

A

banning feeding of cattle sources of protein to cattle

95
Q

Is BSE reportable?

A

yes

96
Q

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)

A

disease of captive and free range deer, elk, and moose that causes progressive fatal neurodegenerative disease in adult animals

97
Q

Is CWD reportable?

A

yes

98
Q

Signs of CWD

A

similars to scrapie and BSE

99
Q

Transmission of CWD

A

horizontal and vertical

100
Q

Zoonotic CWD

A

none seen but be cautious we aren’t too sure

101
Q
A

Animal Diseases (12 decks)

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