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BIOL2020 (cell biology) > macromolecules > Flashcards

macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

what are lipids?

A

high molecular weight molecules that are soluble in non-polar solvents

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2
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

long polymers of sugar

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3
Q

what are proteins?

A

large biomolecules/macromolecules that compromise one or more long chains of amino acids

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4
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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5
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

carboxylic acid with aliphatic chain - unsaturated or saturated

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6
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

one glycerol and three fatty acids

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7
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group - hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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8
Q

what are steroids and terpenes?

A

lipids with aromatic rings

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9
Q

what is the definition of amphipathic?

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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10
Q

what is the main part of the cell membrane?

A

two layers of oppositely oriented phospholipid molecules (heads out tails in)

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11
Q

what are polysaccharides made of?

A

have long chain polymeric carbohydrates with monosaccharide units bound with glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined with a glycosdic bond

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13
Q

what are two examples of disaccharides?

A

maltose and lactose

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14
Q

what do polysaccharides used for?

A

storage or structure

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15
Q

what is cellulose?

A

structural polysaccharides in cell wall of green plants

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16
Q

what is chitin?

A

long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine - used in insect exoskeleton

17
Q

what is an amino acid?

A

organic molecule with amino group and carboxyl group, 20 different ones that combine to create proteins

18
Q

how are amino acids bound?

A

with peptide bonds

19
Q

what are the levels of protein structure?

A

primary (sequence of amino acids)
secondary (regions stabilized by H bonds between backbone)
tertiary (overall shape of polypeptide)
quaternary (multiple full polypeptides joined together)

20
Q

what are two types of secondary protein structure?

A

alpha helices and beta strands

21
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

monomers called nucleotides

22
Q

what are nucleotides composed of?

A

a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

23
Q

what are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

pyrimidines and purines?

24
Q

what is DNA made up of?

A

cytosine, thymine, adenine, gaunine

25
Q

what is RNA made of?

A

cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine

26
Q

which bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

27
Q

how are nucleotides bound together?

A

phosphodiester bonds

28
Q

what are the two ends of a DNA chain?

A

5’ (phosphate) and 3’ (sugar)

29
Q

what is transcription?

A

RNA polymerase uses DNA as template to create pre-mRNA (transcript)

30
Q

what is translation?

A

a ribosome builds the protein molecule (polypeptide) from mature mRNA

BIOL2020 (cell biology) (24 decks)

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