glycolysis

Question 1

what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic?

Answer 1

anabolic - making molecules (endergonic - requiring energy)
catabolic - breaking molecules (exergonic - releasing energy)

Question 2

what is oxidation and reduction?

Answer 2

oxidation - removing electrons
reduction - adding electrons

Question 3

what are coenzymes?

Answer 3

organics that bind to enzymes

Question 4

what is the role of NAD and FAD

Answer 4

accept electrons during breakdown of organics (reduction) to become NADH and FADH2 (which donate electrons to other reactions)

Question 5

why is glucose important?

Answer 5

its oxidation is highly exergonic and many polysaccharides break into glucose

Question 6

what is glycolysis?

Answer 6

metabolic pathway that oxidizes glucose into (2) pyruvate molecules - split into three phases

Question 7

what is phase one of glycolysis?

Answer 7

preparation and cleavage - six carbon glucose molecule is phosphorylated twice by ATP and split into two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

Question 8

what is phase two of glycolysis?

Answer 8

oxidation and ATP generation - each G3P is oxidized into 3-phosphoglycerate, creating one ATP and one NADH each

Question 9

what is phase three of glycolysis?

Answer 9

pyruvate formation and ATP generation - each 3-phosphoglycerate is converted into pyruvate, creating one more ATP each

Question 10

how many steps are there in glycolysis?

Answer 10

ten

Question 11

what is the chemical reaction formula of glycolysis?

Answer 11

glucose -> 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

Question 12

what are the three monosaccharides that disaccharides can be broken into?

Answer 12

glucose, galactose, and fructose

Question 13

what happens to fructose and galactose in glycolysis?

Answer 13

they are converted into glycolysis intermediates

Question 14

what role does pyruvate have in metabolism?

Answer 14

it is the branchpoint between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism (if high [O2], PHD takes pyruvate, if low [O2], LDH makes lactate

Question 15

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 15

in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 16

what transports pyruvate?

Answer 16

mitochondrial pyruvate carrier moves pyruvate to the mitochondria for TCA cycle

Question 17

what happens to pyruvate after glycolysis?

Answer 17

pyruvate dehydrogenase converts it into Acetyl-CoA (removes a carbon and converts NAD+ to NADH)

Question 18

what are dehydrogenases?

Answer 18

enzymes that remove a pair of hydrogen atoms (oxidizing) from a substrate

Question 19

what does the TCA cycle produce?

Answer 19

CO2, ATP, FADH2, NADH

Question 20

what is the chemical formula of the TCA cycle?

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA -> 3 NADH + FADH2 + ATP + 2CO2

Question 21

what happens if there are excess amino acids (or if body is starving/desperate) in the TCA cycle?

Answer 21

amino acids will be converted into TCA cycle metabolites