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anatomy and kinesiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 reasons why your skeleton is important

A

Movement
Protection (of internal organs)
Support (shape)
Storage
Blood cell production

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2
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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3
Q

What bones does the axial skeleton contain?

A

Bones of head, neck, back and chest

(it is the vertical central axis of the body)

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4
Q

How many bones does the axial skeleton contain?

A

80

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5
Q

What is the role of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs

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6
Q

What bones does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

Bone of upper and lower limbs and the pelvic girdle.

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7
Q

How many bones does the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

126

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8
Q

What is the role of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Designed for movement and stability

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9
Q

Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each one

A

Long = femur
Short = carpal
Flat = frontal
Sesamoid = patella
Irregular = vertebrae

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10
Q

What are the similarities between tendons and ligaments?

A

Located around joints.
Made of collagen.

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11
Q

What are the differences between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons bind muscle to muscle and transfer force.
Ligaments connect bone to bone and stabilise structure.

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12
Q

Name 5 anatomical landmarks of long bones

A

Diaphysis
Ephiysis
Epiphysial line
Medullary cavity
Understeer

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13
Q

Describe the diaphysis

A

Shaft of the bone
Composed of cortical bone
Allows the bone to withstand high forces without bending or breaking

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14
Q

Describe the epiphysis

A

Expanded ends of long bone
Composed of trabecula bone

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15
Q

Describe the epiphysial line

A

It is formed when the the growth of bone has stopped

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16
Q

Describe the medullary cavity

A

Inside the bone
Contains bone marrow
Red blood cells are produced

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17
Q

Describe the understeer

A

Less well-defined layer of connective tissue
Found in the inner wall of bone cavities

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18
Q

What do bones contain?

A

Inorganic material (65%)
Organic material (10%)
Magnesium, sodium and bicarbonate (25%)

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19
Q

What does the inorganic material in bones do?

A

Responsible for hardening the tissue (calcification)

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20
Q

What does the organic material in bones do?

A

Provide flexibility to the bone and tensile strength

21
Q

What happens if there is no collagen in the bone?

A

It becomes brittle

22
Q

What happens if there is no minerals in the bone?

A

It becomes flexible

23
Q

What are the paradoxical properties of bones?

A
  • lift weight to allow movement
  • hard and strong to resist external force
  • stiff to provide rigidity for leverage
  • flexible to absorb energy
24
Q

Name the 2 materials bones can be made from

A

Cortical
Trabecular

25
Q

Give a physical description of cortical bones

A

Smooth and solid
Cylinder shape
Dense protective shell
Designed for strength

26
Q

Give a physical description of trabecular bones

A

Light, porous, spongy and mesh like
Rigid lattice designed to make bones lighter
Used for strength

27
Q

Name the fundamental unit (1st level structure) of cortical bones

A

Osteons

28
Q

Name the fundamental unit (1st level structure) of trabecular bones

A

Trabeculae

29
Q

Give the % of skeletal muscle of each bone material type

A

Cortical = 80%
Trabecular = 20%

30
Q

Describe the location of cortical bones

A

Around all bones
Beneath the periosteum
In shafts of long bonds

99:5 radial diaphysis cortical: trabecula

31
Q

Describe the location of trabecular bones

A

Vertebrae
Flat bones
End of long bones
Vertebra 25:75 cortical: trabecular

31
Q

Name the 3 types of bone cells

A

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

31
Q

Name the function and location of osteoblasts

A

Function: bone formation, help synthesis and secrete collagen which is needed to build new bone tissue
Location: growing portions of the bone (including the periosteum and endosteum)

31
Q

Name the function and location of osteocytes

A

Function: maintain mineral concentration of matrix, maintain daily cellular activities of bone tissue, sense mechanical strain.
Location: entrapped in the matrix

32
Q

Name the function and location of osteoclasts

A

Function: bone reabsorption
Location: bone surfaces and at the site of old, injured or unneeded bones

33
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

Unspecialised stem cells which undergo cell division

34
Q

Describe what coupled bone remodelling is

A

Takes place in normal bones.
Bone resorption = bone formation
No change in bone mineral density
Equal activity of osteoblast and osteoclasts

35
Q

Describe what uncoupled bone remodelling is

A

Takes place in osteoporosis
Bone resorption > bone formation
Lose of bone mineral density resulting in thinner, brittle bones

36
Q

What is ossification?

A

The process by which bones form

37
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Bone growth in length
Occurs in the epiphyseal plate

38
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Bone growth in width

39
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The region where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis

40
Q

What does Wolff’s Law state?

A

‘Bone adapts to loads under which it is placed’
Structure and shape of bone can be altered over time in response to loading.

41
Q

Explain what happens during bone formation

A

Response to increased stress
Osteoblasts dominate
Bone becomes stronger

42
Q

Explain what happens during bone resorption

A

Response to decreased stress
Osteoclasts dominate
Bone becomes weaker

43
Q

What does ‘mechanostat’ state (Harold Frost)

A

Bones adapt with an aim to keep bone strain consistent and at an optimal level by altering bones structure

44
Q

Name common diseases of the skeletal system

A
  1. arthritis: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
  2. bone diseases: rickets, osteoporosis, osteopenia
  3. common skeletal injury in sport: stress fracture
45
Q

What happens when astronauts leave earth?

A

Their bones experience a gradual loss in bone density (1-2% per month)

46
Q

What can occur when athletes over train microfractures?

A

Stress fractures

anatomy and kinesiology (9 decks)

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