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anatomy and kinesiology > Spine, trunk and pelvis > Flashcards

Spine, trunk and pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column and state how many vertebrae they each contain

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae: contains 7 vertebrae.
  2. Thoracic vertebrae: contains 12 vertebrae
  3. Lumbar vertebrae: contains 5 vertebrae
  4. Sacrum: contains 5 fused bones
  5. Coccyx: contains 3-4 fused bones
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2
Q

How can we describe the location of a vertebrae?

A

Each vertebrae bone has its own number and letter code that is used to name them and describe their location.

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3
Q

Name the different movements that the spine allows

A

Spinal flexion
Spinal extension
Lateral flexion
Rotation

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4
Q

Name 5 key landmarks within a typical vertebrae

A

Vertebral body
Spinous processes
Transverse processes
Vertebral foramen
Intervertebral foramen

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5
Q

Describe the vertebral body

A

It supports the weight of everything above it.
It differs in shape between the different vertebrae in the body.

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6
Q

Describe the transverse and spinous processes

A

Help provide protection.
Provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
Help articulate with adjoining vertebrae.

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7
Q

Describe the vertebral foramen

A

Hole in the vertebrae that allow for the spinal cord to fit into

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8
Q

Describe the intervertebral foramen

A

Space that is created when vertebras are stacked on top of one another.
It is important to allow spinal nerves to go into the spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is the cervical vertebrae important for?

A

Head and neck movement

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10
Q

What is the thoracic vertebrae important for?

A

Spinal cord protection

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11
Q

What is the lumber vertebrae important for?

A

Weight support and movement

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12
Q

Explain the roles of vertebral discs

A
  • shock absorber for the spine
  • help with the compression of the spine
  • help to avoid damage
  • help with movement: they form a fibre cartilage joint that allows slight movement and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.
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13
Q

Describe structure of vertebral discs

A

Nucleus pulposus: gel like structure which sits in the centre and accounts for strength and flexibility.
Annulus fibrosis: concentric layer of collagen fibre and allow effective resistance from multidirectional movement.

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14
Q

What is a disc herniation?

A

When the vertebral discs pops out and doesn’t sit in the correct position and puts pressure on the nerves and spinal cord.
It leads to back and leg pain.

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15
Q

What do the 4 natural curvatures of the spinal column do?

A

Help absorb and distribute the stress from everyday activities.

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16
Q

Name 4 deformities of the spine

A

Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Flat back

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17
Q

What is the thorax and what is it made up of?

A

A bony cage that is formed by the sternum, ribs and the thoracic vertebrae.

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18
Q

What does the thorax do?

A

Protects internal organs.
Provides support for the shoulder girdle.
Provides areas for muscle attachment.

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19
Q

Name the three sections of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

20
Q

How many ribs are there?

A

12

21
Q

Describe the length of the ribs

A

Ribs increase in length from ribs 1-7 and decrease in length from ribs 8-12.

22
Q

What is the scapula important for?

A

Movement of the upper body in the appendicular skeleton.

23
Q

Name the bones that make up the pelvis

A

Hip bones (ilium, pubis and ischium)
Coccyx
Sacrum

24
Q

Name the key functions of the pelvic bones

A

Locomotion (movement)
Body weight
Childbirth
Provides protection to abdominal organs which are held within the pelvic regions.

25
Q

Describe the differences between male and female pelvises

A

Female pelvises are larger, wider and rounded (required for childbirth)
Male pelvises are narrower and the ileus crest is higher.

26
Q

Describe features of the trunk

A
  • global system (outer layer)
  • superficial muscles that span many joints
  • direction specific
  • fatigue rapidly
  • keeps spine rigid
  • allows force to be transferred
  • muscles can be trained with high loads and effort, decreased frequency and duration
27
Q

Describe features of the core

A
  • local system (deep and middle layer)
  • muscles that are deep and smaller
  • non-directional
  • highly fatigue resistant
  • stabilise spine
  • produce segmental control and anticipatory activity
28
Q

What is the function of the trunk?

A

To support effort and forces from your arms and legs so that muscles and joints can perform in their safest, strongest and most effective positions.

29
Q

Explain the deep muscles

A

Part of the local system
Responsible for controlling movement that occur within a joint.
Within the vertebral column each segment will slide and rotate on top of one another.

30
Q

Name the deep muscles

A

Interspinalis
Rotator
Intertransversarii

31
Q

Explain the middle layer muscles

A

Form an inner unit
When activated they create a non-compressible cylinder (intra-abdominal pressure).
Stabilises the spine and reduces pressure on the intervertebral discs.
Crucial to provide foundation for optimal arm and leg function.

32
Q

Name the middle layer muscles

A

Diaphragm
Transversus abdominus
Levator Ani (pelvic floor)

33
Q

Explain the outer layer muscles

A

Part of the global system
Form muscle slings
Create and maintain optimal working relationships between joints and help to coordinate various body segments for successful motion

34
Q

Name the outer layer muscles

A

Erector spine
Quadratus lumborum
Internal obliques
External obliques
Rectus abdominus

35
Q

What is lower crossed syndrome (common distortion pattern)?

A

Characterised by an anterior tilt of the pelvis resulting in an arched back. Typically occurs in individuals who spend prolonged periods of time in the seated position.
Results in changes in muscle length.

36
Q

How do we categorise spinal exercises?

A
  1. According to the objective of the exercise and the intended physical outcome.
  2. Functionality
  3. Spinal displacement
37
Q

Name the 4 categorisation of spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise

A

Mobility
Motor control
Work capacity
Strength, stiffness, and power

38
Q

Explain the mobility category of spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise

A

The freedom of movement at spinal segments.
Provides the basis for the development of motor control and optimal spinal function.

39
Q

Explain the motor control category of spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise

A

The process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement.

40
Q

Explain the work capacity category of spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise

A

The ability to produce or tolerate variable intensities and durations of work.
Contributes to the ability of an athlete to perform efficiently.

41
Q

Explain the strength, stiffness and power category of spinal exercises according to the objective of the exercise

A

Strength = the ability to produce force
Stiffness = the ability to protect the spine and ‘stiffen’ against yielding force
Power = the rate of force development

42
Q

Explain the functional category of spinal exercises according to functionality

A

A continuum of exercises that enable athletes to effectively manipulate their body weight in all planes of movement to achieve optimal athletic performance.
E.g., weight bearing or sport specific positions

43
Q

Explain the non-functional category of spinal exercises according to functionality

A

Exercises that are typically performed in partial weight bearing positions.
Across a single plane of motion.
Movement isolates to fewer joints.

44
Q

Explain the static category of spinal exercises according to spinal displacement

A

Maintenance of a neutral spinal posture
No appreciable segmental displacement

45
Q

Explain the dynamic category of spinal exercises according to spinal displacement

A

Exercises involving appreciable dynamic segmental movement

anatomy and kinesiology (9 decks)

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