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Biology > DNA and Protein synthesis > Flashcards

DNA and Protein synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Define gene

A

A DNA base sequence that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or a functional RNA

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2
Q

Define chromosome

A

A structure consisting of a long, coiled molecule of DNA and its associated proteins, by which genetic information is passed from generation to generation.

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3
Q

Why is much of eukaryotic DNA considered to be non-coding?

A

There are non- coding repeats of base sequences between genes and introns which don’t code for amino acids, within the genes

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4
Q

Why is the genetic code described as non-overlapping?

A

Each base is only part of one triplet code which codes for 1 amino acid.

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5
Q

What are non-coding multiple repeats?

A

DNA that doesn’t code for polypeptide found between genes.

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6
Q

Describe the structure of mRNA

A
  • longer/ contains more nucleotides
  • Linear
  • has 1 strand
  • doesn’t contain hydrogen bonds
  • doesn’t have an amino acid binding site
  • can be found in the nucleus and cytoplasm
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7
Q

Describe the DNA in prokaryotes

A
  • short
  • circular
  • double stranded
  • not associated with histone proteins
  • doesn’t contain introns
  • doesn’t form chromosomes with DNA and proteins
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8
Q

Describe the structure of tRNA

A
  • shorter/ contains less nucleotides
  • cloverleaf shape
  • single stranded
  • contains hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  • has an amino acid binding site
  • can be found in cytoplasm
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9
Q

What is the gene locus?

A

its the fixed position of a gene on a particular chromosome

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10
Q

Describe the process of transcription

A
  1. The DNA strands separate by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  2. Only one of the strands acts as a template strand
  3. RNA nucleotides are attracted to the exposed bases and bind by complementary base pairing- Uracil to Adenine, Cytosine to Guanine, Guanine to Cytosine and Adenine to Thymine
  4. The enzyme, RNA polymerase, joins the RNA nucleotides together by forming phosphodiester bonds in a condensation reaction
  5. This forms pre- mRNA
  6. Introns are removed by splicing to form mRNA
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11
Q

Describe the DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria

A
  • short
  • circular
  • not associated with histone proteins
  • doesn’t form chromosomes with DNA and proteins
  • doesn’t contain introns
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12
Q

Describe the DNA in eukaryotes

A
  • long
  • associated with histone proteins
  • Linear
  • it forms chromosomes with DNA and proteins
  • contains introns
  • double stranded
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13
Q

Describe and explain how the process of transcription is different in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes (2)

A

Splicing doesn’t need to occur as prokaryotic DNA doesn’t contains introns so pre-mRNA isn’t formed

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14
Q

What is splicing?

A

Its where the introns from the pre-mRNA are removed to leave a molecule of mRNA

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15
Q

What is pre-mRNA?

A

Its formed during transcription in an eukaryotic cell and contains both introns and exons. The enzyme RNA polymerase forms pre-mRNA by the condensation of RNA nucleotides forming phosphodiester bonds.

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16
Q

What’s an intron?

A

DNA that doesn’t code for polypeptides found within a gene.

17
Q

What are the proteins called that associate with eukaryotic DNA?

A

histones

18
Q

What’s an anticodon?

A

3 bases on a tRNA molecule which code for 1 specific amino acid

19
Q

What’s a codon?

A

3 bases on a mRNA molecule which code for 1 specific amino acid

20
Q

What’s a triplet?

A

3 bases on a DNA molecule that code for 1 specific amino acid

21
Q

What is the proteome?

A

the full range of proteins that a cell/ organism can produce

22
Q

Whats the genome?

A

its all the DNA in a cell/ organism

23
Q

State the differences between a DNA and RNA nucleotide

A
  • DNA nucleotides contains deoxyribose whereas RNA nucleotides contains ribose
  • DNA nucleotides contains thymine as a base whereas RNA nucleotides contain uracil
24
Q

Why is the genetic code described as universal?

A

the same triplet code, codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

25
Q

Why is the genetic code described as degenerate?

A

there is more than one triplet code for the same amino acid, for some amino acids.

26
Q

What’s an exon?

A

DNA that codes for amino acid sequences of a polypeptide

27
Q

Describe the process of translation

A
  1. A ribosome attaches to the mRNA molecule and moves to find the start codon (AUG)
  2. Two codons can fit into the ribosome at any 1 time.
  3. The tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome and the anticodon binds to the codon by complementary base pairing.
  4. amino acids join by the formation of a peptide bond in a condensation reaction using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP
  5. tRNA is released to pick up another amino acid
  6. The ribosome moves along the mRNA to form the polypeptide
    (7. When the stop codons reached, translation stops)
    (8. The polypeptides released and ribosome detaches)

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