Biological classification

Question 1

MONERA

Answer 1

Archae and eubact
Reproduction- fragmentation, binary fission

Question 2

Archaebacteria

Answer 2

Methanogens: marshy areas, obligate anaerobes, convert co2 to ch4, gut of ruminants,

Halophiles: salty conditions, facultative anaerobes,

Thermoacidophiles: chemoautotrophs

Question 3

Eubacteria

Answer 3

cyanobacteria- photoautotroph (1st org), red sea, blooms in polluted water
-Spirulina- space algae
-Nostoc and anabaena
NOSTOC: flagella -nt, filamentous and colonial, heterocyst (specialized cell), PS 2 -nt and vegetative cell has ps 1 and 2
-Mycoplasma: smallest cell, cw -nt, jokers of plant kingdom, facultative anaerobes, penicillin does not work, flagella and mesosome -nt

Question 4

PROTISTA

Answer 4

Ancestors of EK
Auto- diatoms/ desmids, euglena, dinoflagellate
sapro- slime mould
Hetero- amoeba, paramecium, protozoans

Question 5

Photo autotrophs

Question 6

Diatoms/ desmids (chrysophytes)

Answer 6

aka golden brown algae, phytoplankton, indicators of pollutions, chief producer of ocean
soap box str. (epitheca and hypotheca)
mostly fresh water and some marine
Reproduction- Asexual- binary fission (fav.) and resting spores (unfav.)
Sexual- aniso, iso, oogamy
cw m/o silica (indestructible), deposit k/a diatomaceous earth
Pigments- chl a, c, beta carotene, xanthophyll

Question 7

Dinoflagellates (Pyrophytes)

Answer 7

aka fire algae
2 flagella (long and transverse)
mostly marine
Red tides eg: Gonyula and gymnodium
cellulosic plates
Reprod- Asexual- binary
Sexual- aniso and iso
Pigments- chl a, c, alpha and beta carotene, xanthophyll

Question 8

Euglena

Answer 8

cw -nt, proteinaceous outer covering c/a pellicle
chloroplast +nt
link b/w animal and plants
mostly fresh water
2 flagella- big for movt. and small to catch prey
Pigment- chla and b and beta carotene and xanthophyll
Reproduction- Asexual-longitudinal (fav) and cystar form in palmella stage (unfav)
Sexual- -nt
Mixed mode of nutrition (photo and hetero)

Question 9

Saprophytic

Question 10

Slime mould

Answer 10

connects fungus
forms plasmodium in fav. cond.
Fruiting body in unfav. cond.
cw -nt but spores have true cw
Repro- asexual and sexual

Question 11

Heterotrophic

Question 12

Protozoans

Answer 12

Amoeboid- eg: Entamoeba and amoeba
Flagellated- eg: Trypanosoma
Ciliated- eg: paramecium
Sporozoans- eg: endoparasites eg plasmodium

Question 13

FUNGI

Answer 13

Saprophytic
yeast- only unicell fungi
Haplontic
Asexual spore- zoospore (endo, planospore), sporangiopsore (aplanospore), Cunidia (exo, aplanospre)

Question 14

aseptate

Answer 14

mastigomycetes and zygomycetes

Question 15

Zygomycetes

Answer 15

aka conjugation fungus
Aseptate
obligate parasite
AS- sporangiospore (n)
SS- zygospore (2n)
Fruiting body -nt
both endogenous spore +nt (Rhizopus, Mucor)
eg: Phytophora (;ate blight in potatoes) and albugo (on mustard)

Question 16

Septate

Answer 16

Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes

Question 17

Ascomycetes

Answer 17

aka sac body
AS- cunidia
SS- ascopore (endo in ascus) (2n)
1 mycelium- long lived and 2 mycelium- short lived
dikaryon- short lived
Fruiting body aka ascocarp (site if meiosis)
eg: yeast, penicillium, aspergillus, neurospre (genetic and bichem), clavyceps, morels and truffles (edible)

Question 18

Basidiomycetes

Answer 18

aka club fungi
1 myc- short lived and 2 myc- long lived
dikaryon stage- long lived
AS- -nt
SS- basidiospore (n) (exo)
sex organ -nt
eg: agaricus (mushroom), puff ball, bracket fungi, ustilago (smut), puccinia ( rust fungus)

Question 19

Deuteromycetes

Answer 19

aka imperfect fungi
AS- cunidia
SS- -nt
help in nutrient recycle
eg- Alternaria (early blight in potatoes) and Colletotrichum (red rot of sugarcane) and trichoderma

Question 20

Virus

Answer 20

DJ Ivanovasky- tobacco mosaic virus
M.W Beijerinck- contagium vivum fluidum
W.M Stanley- crystalized
ss rna- pox virus
ds rna- coliphage
ss dna- reo virus
ds rna- tmv, hiv, influenza

Question 21

Viroid

Answer 21

Discovered by T.O Diener
protein -nt
low mol. wt.
disease- potato spindle tubor dis. and citrus exocortis

Question 22

Prions

Answer 22

disease- Kurn disease (laughing death dis), Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)