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ITP > Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Our senses adapt to different stimuli and become less sensitive to the stimulus over a period of time or by repeating occurrences of a stimulus.

A

Sensory Adaptation

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2
Q

is the stimulation of sensory receptors and passing of sensory information that comes from sensory organs (eye, nose, mouth, ears, skin) to the brain and our brain interprets that information and responds to it.

A

Sensation

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3
Q

The process of becoming more sensitive to Stimulation; Positive adaptation

A

Sensitization

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4
Q

The process of becoming less sensitive to stimulation; Negative adaptation

A

Desensitization

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5
Q

2 types of sensory threshold

A

Absolute Threshold and Difference Threshold

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6
Q

it is the minimum requirement that is necessary to produce sensation.

A

Absolute Threshold

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7
Q

the minimum requirement to tell that the two similar objects have different intensity.

A

Difference Threshold

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8
Q

things that we weren’t able to perceive due to the subject weren’t able to show its details fully.

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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9
Q

the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors

A

Signal–detection Theory

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10
Q

The intensity of a subject affects the person’s interest or focus on the subject.

A

Signal Detection Theory

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11
Q

specialized brain cells that react to the certain details of a subject’s (object or a person) movement, size, length, their surface texture, etc.

A

Feature Detectors

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12
Q

is the recognition and understanding of the information that our sensory organs receive and send out to the brain. Our brain processes and interprets that information and uses it to be able to interact with our surroundings

A

Perception

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13
Q

Our dominant sense

A

Vision

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14
Q

helps visualize our surroundings. It is a small portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Visible Light

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15
Q

2 types of receptors

A

Rods and Cones

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16
Q

photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of the light

A

Rods

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17
Q

photoreceptors that transmits sensation of color

A

Cones

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18
Q

a muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

A

Iris

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19
Q

the black-looking opening in the center of the iris, through which light enters the eye lens a transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina

A

Pupil

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20
Q

rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

A

Rods

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21
Q

the area of the inner surface of the eye that contains rods and cones photoreceptors cells that respond to light

A

Retina

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22
Q

neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

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23
Q

neurons whose axons form the optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

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24
Q

the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

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25
Q

an area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute

A

Fovea

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26
Q

the area of the retina where axons from ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve visual acuity sharpness of vision

A

Blind spot

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27
Q

ability to distinguish visual stimuli on the basis of the wavelengths of light they emit or reflect.

A

Color Vision

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28
Q

Theories of Color Vision

A

Trichromatic Theory and Opponent-Process Theory

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29
Q

3 types of color blindness

A

Trichromatism, Monochromatism, and Dichromat

30
Q

color vision is made possible by three types of cones; respond to red light, some to green, and some to blue.

A

Trichromatic Theory

31
Q

color vision is made possible by three types of cones; respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some to the intensity of light

A

Opponent-Process Theory

32
Q

partial color blindness in which only two colors are perceptible

A

Dichromatism

32
Q

color vision based on the perception of three primary colors and especially red, green, and blue

A

Trichromatism

33
Q

complete color blindness in which all colors appear as shades of gray

A

Monochromatism

34
Q

enable us to recognize the characteristics of objects

A

Perceptual Organization

35
Q

visual perception of movement is based on change of position relative to other objects

A

Perception of Motion

36
Q

monocular and binocular cues help us perceive the depth of objects

A

Depth Perception

37
Q

a condition characterized by brittleness of the lens

A

Presbyopia

38
Q

the process of adjusting to conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones

A

Dark Adaptation

39
Q

descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce white or nearly white light

A

Complementary

40
Q

the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

A

Afterimage

41
Q

the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole

A

Closure

42
Q

the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

A

Perceptual organization

43
Q

the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near one another

A

Proximity nearness

44
Q

the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are similar in appearance

A

Similarity

45
Q

the tendency to perceive a series of points or lines as having unity

A

Continuity

46
Q

the tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together

A

Common fate

47
Q

the organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose

A

Bottom-up Processing

48
Q

sensations that give rise to misperceptions

A

Illusions

49
Q

generated by a series of stationary images that are presented in rapid succession

A

Stroboscopic motion

50
Q

stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

A

Monocular cues

51
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the convergence (coming together) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

A

Perspective

52
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher (more detailed) surfaces

A

Texture gradient

53
Q

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion

A

Motion parallax

54
Q

stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes

A

Binocular cues

55
Q

a binocular cue for depth based on the difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther away

A

Retinal disparity

56
Q

a binocular cue for depth based on the inward movement of the eyes as they attempt to focus on an object that is drawing nearer

A

Convergence

57
Q

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same size even as the size of its retinal image changes according to the object’s distance

A

Size constancy

58
Q

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lighting conditions change its appearance

A

Color constancy

59
Q

the tendency to perceive an object as being just as bright even though lighting conditions change its intensity

A

Brightness constancy

60
Q

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates

A

Shape constancy

61
Q

vibration of molecules in air or water

A

Auditory Stimulation

62
Q

2 psychological dimensions of sound

A

Pitch and Loudness

63
Q

Captures sound waves

A

Ears

64
Q

Parts of the ear

A

Outer ear, Middle Ear, and Inner Ear

65
Q

3 processes of pitch perception

A

Place theory, Frequency theory, and Valley Principles

66
Q

pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound

A

Place theory

67
Q

sound is reflected in the frequency of neural impulses

A

Frequency theory

68
Q

impairment that hinders perception of hearing

A

Deafness

69
Q

a unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One hertz equals one cycle per second

A

Hertz (Hz)

70
Q

a unit expressing the loudness of a sound

A

Decibels (dB)

71
Q

a unit expressing the loudness of a sound

A

decibels (dB)

ITP (13 decks)

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