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ITP > CHAPTER 8: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

CHAPTER 8: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

referring to people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender

A

Homosexual

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2
Q

One’s psychological sense of being female, male, or somewhere in between

A

Gender Identity

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3
Q

not behaving in a way that is consistent with the gender-role stereotype associated with one’s sex in a given culture

A

Gender Nonconformity

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4
Q

It is a feeling state which has physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components. It is associated with the arousal of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Emotions

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5
Q

Theories of emotion

A
  • James-Lange Theory
  • Cannon-Bard Theory
  • Theory of Cognitive Appraisal
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6
Q

suggests that our emotions result from our interpretations of our physiological responses to stimuli. In other words, an individual experiences a physiological response (like a racing heart upon seeing a snake) and then identifies the emotion (fear) based on the physiological response.

A

James-Lange Theory

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7
Q

emotions and physical reactions happen together when we experience something. This theory suggests that our brain causes both the body’s response (like getting energized or moving) and feeling emotions when we perceive something.

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

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7
Q

This theory suggests that our emotions are shaped by how we interpret situations. Even though our body reactions might be similar for different emotions, how we describe those feelings depends on what we think about what’s happening around us.

A

Theory of Cognitive Appraisal

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8
Q

The state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something

A

Motivation

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9
Q

A hypothetical state within an organism that propels the organism towards a goal; it may take in the form of needs, drives, and incentives which are inferred from behavior.

A

Motive

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10
Q

a
condition of arousal in an organism associated with needs.

A

Drive

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11
Q

An object, person, or situation perceived as capable of satisfying a need or as desirable for its own sake

A

Incentive

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12
Q

An inherited disposition to
activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals. Found in particular species and are genetically transmitted from generation to generation.

A

Instinct

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13
Q

They asserted that humans have instincts that foster survival and social behavior i.e. sympathy, love, modesty, hunger, sex, and self-assertion.

A

William James (1890) and William McDougall (1908)

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14
Q

Sigmund Freud believed tension motivates us to behave in ways to restore us to a resting state. Organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the e ect of reducing drives

A

Drive-Reductionism and Homeostasis

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15
Q

Hunger, thirst, and pain trigger that activates behavior.

A

Primary Drive

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16
Q

Drives that are gained through experience (drives for social approval & a liation)

A

Acquired Drive

17
Q

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

A

Homeostasis

18
Q

He believed that people are also motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth

A

Abraham Maslow

19
Q

suggests they see people as natural scientists who strive to understand the world so that they can predict and control events. Therefore, people try to eliminate inconsistencies—or, as we saw in the case of the Seekers at the beginning of the chapter—discrepancies in information so that their ability to make sense of the world

A

Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

20
Q

People are generally motivated
to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their own behavior.

A

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

21
Q

The state of being satisfied/fullness

A

Satiety

22
Q

Stomach contractions

A

Hunger Pangs

23
Q

a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center

A

Ventromedial Nucleus

24
Q

Characterized by excessive eating

A

Hyperphagic

25
Q

Characterized by undereating

A

Aphagic

26
Q

an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.

A

Lateral Hypothalamus

27
Q

a life-threatening eating disorder characterized by dramatic weight loss and a distorted body image

A

Anorexia Nervosa

28
Q

A problem a ecting
female athletes especially in college involving Low energy, Menstrual problems, Loss of bone density

A

Female Athlete Triad

29
Q

an eating disorder
characterized by repeated cycles of binge eating and purging

A

Bulimia Nervosa

30
Q

Origins of eating disorders

A

● History of child abuse or sexual abuse
● Sociocultural climate
● Parents forcing their children
to eat

31
Q

The arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior

A

Activating Effect

32
Q

the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals as governed by levels of sex hormones

A

Estrus

33
Q

Masters and Johnson’s model
of sexual response, which consists of four stages or phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

Sexual Response Cycle

34
Q

Phase of sexual response cycle wherein Vasocongestion occurs. In men, their scrotal skin thickens, testes increases in size and become less elevated. In women, Vaginal lubrication,Vasocongestion swells the clitoris, flattens and spreads the vaginal lips, and expands the inner part of the vagina.

A

Excitement

35
Q

the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm. Ejaculation also occurs

A

Plateau

36
Q

is the engorgement of blood vessels with blood, which swells the genitals and breasts during sexual arousal. Heart Rate and blood pressure increases

A

Vasocongestion

37
Q

the process of propelling seminal fluid (semen) from the penis

A

Ejaculation

38
Q

the height or climax of sexual excitement, involving involuntary muscle contractions, release of sexual tensions, and usually, subjective feelings of pleasure

A

Orgasm

39
Q

the fourth phase of the sexual response cycle, during which the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused state. Refractory period occurs afterwards

A

Resolution

40
Q

is the period of time following orgasm during which an individual is not responsive to sexual stimulation. (Women do not undergo this period thus can become quickly aroused).

A

Refractory period

ITP (13 decks)

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