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Anatomy > Introduction To Anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction To Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position ?

A

• provides a reference point
• standing upright
• arms by side
• feet together and parallel
• palms forward

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2
Q

What are the anatomical planes ?

A
  • median plane
  • Sagittal planes
  • coronal/frontal plane
  • transverse/axial plane
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3
Q

What is the median plane ?

A

It divides the body equally into left and right

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4
Q

What is a sagittal plane ?

A

Sagittal planes lie vertically and parallel

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5
Q

What is the coronal/frontal plane ?

A

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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6
Q

What is the transverse plane ?

A

Runs horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior sections

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7
Q

Define superior

A

Above

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8
Q

Define inferior

A

Below

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9
Q

Define anterior

A

In front

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10
Q

Define posterior

A

Behind

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11
Q

Define medial

A

Closer to the midline

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12
Q

Define lateral

A

Away from the midline

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13
Q

Define superficial

A

Towards the surface

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14
Q

Define deep

A

Away from the surface

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15
Q

Define proximal

A

Closer to where the limb inserts into body

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16
Q

Define distal

A

Further away from where the limb inserts into the body

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17
Q

Define cranial

A

Superior/above

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18
Q

Define Caudal

A

Inferior/below

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19
Q

Define dorsal

A

Backside/posterior

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20
Q

Define ventral

A

Frontside/anterior

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21
Q

Define adduction

A

Towards the median plane

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22
Q

Define abduction

A

Away from the median plane

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23
Q

Define compact bone

A

Dense

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24
Q

Define cancellous/ trabeculae bone

A

Spongy

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25
Q

What are the different bone shapes ?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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26
Q

What are the features that bones can have ?

A
  • extensions or projections
  • depressions
  • cavities or passages
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27
Q

How are muscles named ?

A

In relation to their :
- shape
- attachment site
- position
- function

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28
Q

Give an example of a muscle named after its shape

A

The deltoid muscle (triangular shape)

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29
Q

Give an example of a muscle named after the site it is attached to

A

Hyoglossus ( attached to the hyoid bone )

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30
Q

Give an example of a muscle named after its position in the body

A

The subscapularis (deep to the scapula)

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31
Q

Give 3 examples of muscles named after their function

A

• the masseter
• the levator labii superioris (lifts lips)
• the depressor anguli oris (pulls down corners of mouth)

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32
Q

What is part of the central nervous system ?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

What is the role of the CNS ?

A

It communicates with the peripheral nervous system to carry out higher functions such as learning and thinking

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34
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system ?

A

It consists of spinal nerves, cranial nerves and ganglia

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35
Q

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system ?

A
  • conducts impulses to and away from the CNS
  • connects the CNS to peripheral structures
36
Q

What are the cranial nerves ?

A

The cranial nerves come off the brain and control the head and neck. They come in 12 pairs.

37
Q

What are the spinal nerves ?

A

They come off the vertebral column and control the rest of the body

38
Q

How is the peripheral nervous system organised ?

A

It can be divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

39
Q

What is the role of the somatic nervous system ?

A

It controls voluntary muscles e.g skeletal muscle and the skin and transmits sensory Information to CNS

40
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

It controls involuntary body functions for example smooth muscle and glands

41
Q

What are the 2 branches of the autonomic nervous system ?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

42
Q

Summarise the sympathetic nervous system

A

• fight or flight
• thoracolumbar outflow
• has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibres

43
Q

Summarise the parasympathetic nervous system

A

• Rest and digest
• craniosacral flow
• has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibres

44
Q

What is fascia ?

A

Fascia is a layer of tissue between the muscle and fat which decreases the spread of infection

45
Q

What are the 2 layers of fascia and where are they found ?

A

Superficial fascia is found towards the surface whereas deep fascia is found away from the surface

46
Q

What do arteries do ?

A

They carry blood away from the heart

47
Q

What do veins do ?

A

They carry blood towards the heart

48
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels ?

A

They carry extracellular fluid, lymphocytes and cellular debris towards the heart

49
Q

What does bifurcate mean ?

A

split into 2

50
Q

What does anastomose mean ?

A

come together

51
Q

What are some properties of veins ?

A

They have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
They have tributaries

52
Q

Define flexion

A

Moving a joint so that the angle between the bones decreases

53
Q

Define extension

A

Straightening a joint so the angle between the bones increases

54
Q

Define supination

A

When the radius rotates laterally so the radius and ulna are parallel to one another - the palms face superiorly

55
Q

Define pronation

A

Rotation of the radius medially so the distal end crosses over the anterior aspect of the ulna resulting in the palm of the hand facing posteriorly

56
Q

Define depression

A

Lowering / moving downwards

57
Q

Define elevation

A

Heighten / lift upwards

58
Q

How can joints be classified ?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
59
Q

What type of movement does a fibrous joint have ?

A

no movement

60
Q

What type of movement does a cartilaginous joint have ?

A

some movement

61
Q

What type of movement does a synovial joint have ?

A

a lot of movement

62
Q

Give an example of a fibrous joints

A

sutures (skull)

63
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

intervertebral disk

64
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint

A

knee joint

65
Q

What are the features that can be found at a synovial joint ?

A
  • synovial cavity
  • joint capsule
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane
66
Q

Why is deep fascia important ?

A

The layers it forms may direct infection through specific paths

67
Q

Where are tendons found ?

A

They are located at the end of the muscle and attach muscles to bones

68
Q

What is the role of the muscle belly ?

A

It contains contractile muscle fibres that generate force

69
Q

Why is it important to understand fascial tissue ?

A
  • when giving injections
  • during surgery
  • diagnosing spread of infection
70
Q

What do compartments (created by deep fascia) contain ?

A

They contain muscles, nerves and blood vessels

71
Q

What are the properties of arteries ?

A

They have elastic walls so appear thick and turgid

72
Q

What are the properties of veins ?

A

They have thin and distensible walls

73
Q

What does a neurovascular bundle contain ?

A

Artery, vein and nerve

74
Q

What is varicose veins ?

A

When venous blood pools in superficial veins so the veins widen (dilate) and coil (tortuosity)

75
Q

What is the role of afferent/somatosensory neurones ?

A

They convey nerve impulses towards the CNS

76
Q

What is the role of efferent/somatomotor neurones ?

A

Carry nerve impulses away from the CNS to effector organs

77
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord ?

A

1) Dura mater - tough fibrous tissue (outermost layer)
2) Arachnoid mater - delicate (deep to the dura mater)
3) Pia mater - thin and transparent (deep to the arachnoid mater)

78
Q

Define ipsilateral

A

On the same side

79
Q

Define contralateral

A

On opposite sides

80
Q

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord end ?

A

L1/L2

81
Q

What is the name given to the slightly expanded lower end of the spinal cord ?

A

Lumbosacral enlargement

82
Q

What is the cauda equina ?

A

Bundle of nerves at the end of the spinal cord

83
Q

What is the brachial plexus ?

A

It is a network of nerves in the shoulder that carry movement and signals from the spinal cord to the arms and hands

84
Q

Which nerve is responsible for skin sensation over the little finger ?

A

Ulnar nerve

85
Q

What is the action of brachialis on the elbow joint ?

A

Flexion of the forearm

86
Q

Which artery gives rise to the radial artery ?

A

Brachial artery

Anatomy (10 decks)

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