2.1 :Cell Structure

Question 1

What organelles do animal cells contain?

Answer 1

• Nucleolus
• Nucleus
• Nuclear envelope
• Ribosomes
• Mitochondria
• Cell membrane (plasma)
• Cytoplasm
• Golgi apparatus
• Smooth er
• Rough er
• Lysosomes

Question 2

What organelles do you find in plant cells ?

Answer 2

-Cell wall (cellulose)
- Chloroplast
- Vacuole
- Plasmodesmata (gaps in membrane and cell wall)
- All of animal organelles.

Question 3

What’s the function and description of the plasma membrane

Answer 3

function:
- It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
- Has receptors to respond to chemicals
description:
- A membrane found on surface of animal cells and on inside of cell wall of plant cells made of lipids and proteins

Question 4

What’s the description and function of the cell wall?

Answer 4

Description:
- A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells. Made of cellulose
Function:
- Supports plant cells and provides structure

Question 5

What is the description and function of the nucleus?

Answer 5

Description:
- A large organelles surrounded by the nuclear envelope that contains all the chromatin ( DNA and proteins).
Function:
- Controlls the cells activities
- DNA contains instructions for protein making

Question 6

What is the description and function of lysosomes?

Answer 6

Description:
- Round organelle with membrane and no clear internal structure
Function:
- Contains digestive enzymes to break down invading cells or worn out cell components
- membrane keeps enzymes separate

Question 7

What is the description and function of the ribosome?

Answer 7

Description:
- Small organelle that floats free or is attached to rer. Made of proteins and RNA
Function:
- The site where proteins are made

Question 8

What is the description and function of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Answer 8

Description:
- System of fluid filled membranes with its surface covered in ribosomes
Function:
- Folds and processes proteins that have been made at ribosomes

Question 9

What is the description and function of the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Answer 9

Description:
- Same as rer but with no ribosomes
Function:
- Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 10

What is the description and function of the Vesicle?

Answer 10

Description:
- Small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm with membrane
Function:
- Transports substances in and out of cell and between organelles.
- Some formed by golgi or ER’s whilst some are formed at cell surface

Question 11

What is the description and function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

Description:
- Group of fluid filled membrane sacs. Vesicles often at edges of sacs
Function:
- Processes and packages new lipids and proteins
- Makes lysosomes

Question 12

What is the description and function of the Mitochondria?

Answer 12

Description:
- Double membraned with folded inner membrane. Folds are cristae. Has a matrix which contains enzymes for respiration.
Function:
- Site of aerobic respiration ( where ATP is produced)

Question 13

What is the description and function of the Chloroplast?

Answer 13

Description:
- Small flattened structure in plant cells.
- Double membraned
- Has thylakoid membranes inside that stack up to make grana
- Grana linked together by lamellae
- Stroma too
Function:
- The site of photosynthesis

Question 14

What is the description and function of the Centriole?

Answer 14

Description:
- Small hollow cylinders made of microtubules
- Found in all animal cells but not all plant cells
Function:
- Involved in cell division (separation of chromosomes)

Question 15

What is the description and function of the Cilia?

Answer 15

Description:
- Small hair like structures on membranes of animal cells
- Have an outer membrane and a ring of 9 pairs of microtubules on outside and 1 pair on inside
Function:
- Microtubules allow cilia to move
- Wafting allows substances to be moved along cell surface

Question 16

What is the description and function of the Flagellum?

Answer 16

Description:
- On Eukaryotic cells like cilia but longer
- Stick out from cell surface and surrounded by membrane
Function:
- Microtubules contract to make flagellum move
- Propel cells forward

Question 17

Describe Protein Production in stages

Answer 17

1. Ribosomes on RER or in cytoplasm make proteins and excrete them
2. Ones made in RER are folded and processed and then transported to the Golgi via Vesicles
3. At Golgi proteins undergo further processing
4. They enter more Vesicles and are transported around cell

Question 18

What is the equation for magnification?

Answer 18

Magnification = image size / actual size(object size)

Question 19

What is Resolution ?

Answer 19

The ability to separate two objects. The ability to be able to distinguish between two points.

Question 20

What organelles do prokaryotes cells contain (bacteria)?

Answer 20

they contain:
- Cell wall
- DNA (circular)
- flagellum
- plasmid DNA
- small ribosomes
- no nucleus
- plasma membrane

Question 21

State 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Answer 21

1. Prokaryotes have no nucleus whereas eukaryotes have a nucleus
2. Prokaryotes have circular DNA whereas eukaryotes have linear DNA
3. Eukaryotes don’t have a cell wall, whereas prokaryotes have a cell wall made of a polysaccharide.
   other differences:
   - larger ribosomes in eukaryotes
   - prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles

Question 22

What is the maximum resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 22

The max resolution is 0.2 micro meters
The max magnification is x 1500

Question 23

what is the maximum magnification and resolution of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

Answer 23

The maximum resolution is 0.2 nm
The maximum magnification is x 1000000

Question 24

What’s the maximum magnification and resolution of a scanning electron microscope?

Answer 24

The maximum magnification is 0.002, micro meters.
The maximum resolution is x 500,000

Question 25

what type of image does a TEM (transmission electron microscope) produce?

Answer 25

• 2D
• black and white

Question 26

what type of image does an SEM
(scanning, electron microscope) produce?

Answer 26

• 3D
• black and white

Question 27

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 27

A network of protein threads found in the cytoplasm called microtubules and micro filaments

Question 28

What 4 functions does the cytoskeleton have?

Answer 28

1. The help the cell to move
2. To transport organelles and materials in a cell
3. To help strengthen then cell and maintain its shape
4. To support organelles and keep them in place