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Biology > 3.2 Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.2 Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Why do multicellular animals need transport systems?

A
  • high level of activity
  • high metabolic rate
  • small SA:V ratio
  • allows good supply of nutrients to respiring cells
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2
Q

What are the four types of circulatory systems?

A

Open / Closed / Single / Double

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3
Q

Whats a closed circulatory system?

A

Where the blood is enclosed in blood vessels. All fish and mammals have a closed system.

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4
Q

What is an Open circulatory system?

A

-Blood isn’t in closed in blood vessels instead it flows freely through the body cavity.
- Invertebrates have them.
- Unlike closed it doesn’t transport o2

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5
Q

What’s the difference between single and double closed circulatory systems?

A

Single the blood only passes through the heart once per circuit of the body whereas double the blood passes through the heart twice.

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6
Q

What animal has a double circulatory system?

A

Mammals and Birds.

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7
Q

What animals have a single circulatory system?

A

Fish.

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8
Q

What are the benefits of a double circulatory system?

A
  • Blood can be pumped at different pressures in the two systems.
  • It’s more efficient gas exchange in capillaries
  • Quicker blood flow to tissues so oxygen is delivered to tissues quicker.
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9
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
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10
Q

What is the structure and function of artery’s?

A

Function:
- To carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body at high pressures (oxygenated blood)
Structure:
- Thick walls. Small lumen to maintain high pressures. No valves.
- Folded endothelium (inner lining) allows artery to expand and helps maintain high pressure.
- Elastic tissue in walls to help recoil.

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11
Q

What is the structure and function of the arterioles?

A

Structure:
- lower amount of elastic fibres lots is smooth muscle
- 3 layers reduce to just 1 near capillaries

Function:
- connect arteries and capillaries

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12
Q

What is the structure and function of the capillaries?

A

Structure:
- Small lumen and thin one cell thick walls for diffusion. They form capillary beds.

Function
- exchange surface for diffusion

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13
Q

What’s the function of venules?

A

Connect veins and capillaries

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14
Q

What’s the structure and function of veins

A

Structure:
- Thin muscle wall and wide lumen so blood flows at lower pressures
- has valves to stop back flow

Function:
- Carry’s blood towards / into the heart under a lower pressure.

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15
Q

Draw out the structure of the heart and label the parts.

A

Check book/ flash card

Labels:
LV, LA, RV, RA,
Aorta, pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins and Vena cava
Septum, bundle of his, Apex, purkyne tissue.
Tricuspid AV valve, Bicuspid AV valve
Semi lunar valves.
Chordae tendinae
Coronary artery
SAN
AVN

Left and right side switch
Left side has thicker walls

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16
Q

What is the role of valves in the heart?

A

They prevent back flow of blood. Make sure blood only flows in one way (unidirectional)

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17
Q

What are the heart walls made of?

A

Cardiac muscle.

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18
Q

What is special about Cardiac muscle?

A

It’s myogenic so can contract on its own accord.

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19
Q

What is the order of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atria systole, Ventricular systole, Diastole.

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20
Q

What happens in atrial systole in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • The atria contract
  • The ventricles are relaxed
  • As muscles in atria wall contract, they squeeze inwards and increase the pressure in atria. This forces blood out of atria and into ventricles through AV valves.
  • Semi lunar valves remain shut as blood pressure in ventricles is lower than blood pressure in arteries.
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21
Q

What happens in ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle?

A
  • The ventricles contract.
  • Pressure of blood in the ventricles forces AV valves shut (‘lub’ noise)
  • ventricle rules are thicker and stronger than the atria walls. They can produce a much larger pressure. Blood is squeezed up into aorta and pulmonary artery through SL valves as they are forced open due to pressure being higher in ventricles then aorta and pulmonary artery.
22
Q

What happens in diastole of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • muscles in the atria and ventricles are relaxed.
    -atria fill with blood.
  • SL valves shut as pressure is lower in ventricles then the aorta and pulmonary artery.
  • Increase in pressure in the atria so as ventricles continue to relax pressure is higher in atria then ventricles so AV valves forced open and some blood flows through
  • Atria contract again and process restarts.
23
Q

What’s the calculation for cardiac output?

A

= heart rate x stroke volume.

24
Q

What do ECGs stand for and what do they measure

A

Electrocardiograms
Measure and record the electrical activity of the heart.

25
Q

How is the heartbeat controlled?

A
  1. SAN (sino atrial node)
    - located in the wall of the right atrium starts the process by sending out a wave of depolarisation.
    - This causes atria to contract simultaneously.
  2. Band of collagen tissue
    - Has insulated fibres that stop wave of depolarisation flowing down the ventricle walls
    - This stops atria and ventricles contracting at the same time.
    - Allows w of d to be passed to the AV node and cause a delay before the AV reacts
  3. AVN (atrioventricular node)
    - After slight delay the AV node sends w of d down bundle of his in septum towards apex of heart.
    - At apex w of d passes to the purkyne tissue which spreads up the walls of the ventricles.
    - This causes ventricles to contract from bottom up simultaneously.
26
Q

Draw and ECG trace

A

check book

27
Q

What does the P wave show on the ECG?

A

P wave is caused by the contraction of the atria and shows the start of depolarisation by the SAN

28
Q

What does the QRS complex show on an ECG?

A

Causes by contraction of the ventricles
Q = AV delay
R = bundle of his
S = purkyne tissue

29
Q

What does the T show on an ECG?

A

Happens due to relaxation of the ventricles. Shows reploalarisation

  • When heart rests wants a cup of Tea TTTT!
30
Q

What’s the calculation for heart rate?

A

= 60s ÷ time taken for 1 heart beat.

31
Q

What is tachycardia ?

A

When the heart beat is to fast

32
Q

What is Bradycardia?

A

When the heart beat is too slow

33
Q

What is an ectopic heartbeat?

A

Extra beats that interrupted the normal rhythm.

34
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

The irregular heart beat can cause death so use defibrillator to stop all electrical activity for quick moment.

35
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid that surrounds cells in tissues.

36
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A
  1. At the start of the capillary bed there’s a higher hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries then in the tissue fluid so this forces fluid with NA* ions proteins etc out of the capillaries and into the spaces around the cells forming tissue fluid.
  2. At the end of the capillary bed there’s a high oncotic pressure as there’s an increase in concentration of plasma proteins in the capillaries due to water leaving.
    Low water potential in the capillaries at this end so water renters by osmosis into capillaries.
37
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid?

A

It enters the lymphatic system made of lymph vessels and becomes lymph once inside.

38
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

To carry oxygen around the body.

39
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can haemoglobin carry?

A

4.

40
Q

What is formed when oxygen joins haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin.

41
Q

What is loading?

A

When an oxygen molecule joins to haemoglobin

42
Q

What is unloading?

A

When oxygen leaves oxyhaemoglobin to reform haemoglobin.

43
Q

What is affinity for 02 and what is haemoglobins affinity?

A

The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen.

Haemoglobin has a variable affinity for 02 depending on the conditions it’s in.

44
Q

What is partial pressure ? (p02)

A

A measure of the oxygen concentration. The higher the concentration of dissolved oxygen in cells the higher the partial pressure is.

45
Q

What happens to haemoglobins affinity for oxygen as partial pressure increases?

A

It’s affinity increases

46
Q

What happens at low vs high partial pressures?

A

At low partial pressure oxygen unloads from oxyhaemoglobin to form haemoglobin.

At high partial pressure oxygen loads onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin.

47
Q

Explain haemoglobins affinity for 02 and partial pressure in the alveoli.
Include what happens to oxygen

A

• High concentration of 02 in alveoli.
• so there’s a high partial pressure.
• Hameoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen in the alveoli.
• Oxygen then loads onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin in the alveoli.

48
Q

Explain haemoglobins affinity for oxygen and partial pressure in respiring tissues. Remember to include what happens to oxygen.

A

• Low concentration of 02 in tissue
• So there’s a low partial pressure
• Haemoglobin has a low affinity for 02
• oxygen then unloads from oxyhaemoglobin to for haemoglobin in the respiring tissue

49
Q

What does a dissociation curve show?
Draw it out too.

A

It shows how saturated the haemoglobin is with oxygen.

Check book.

50
Q

Why are the dissociation graphs S shaped?

A
  • When 02 first binds to hameoglobin it alters it shape and makes it easier for other molecules of 02 to join.
  • Steep bit in the middle of graph is where it is easy for 02 to bind.
  • As haemoglobin becomes more saturated it becomes harder for 02 to bind again so the graph becomes less steep again
51
Q

What is fetal haemoglobin like?

A

It has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin.

52
Q

What is the fetal haemoglobin graph like?

A

To the left fetaL Left

Biology (25 decks)

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