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Insect Bio > Hemipteroid orders > Flashcards

Hemipteroid orders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Hemipteroid orders

A
  • Phthiraptera – lice
  • Tysanoptera – thrips
  • Hemiptera – bugs (huge order)
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2
Q

hemipteroid orders - what do they all have in common

A
  • Hemimetabolous (no pupa)
  • All have piercing sucking mouthparts
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3
Q

hemipteroid - piercing sicking mouthparts

A
  • Spit digestive enzymes, wait for food to get soft, then suck it up
  • there are three broad uses
  • there are three independent evolutions of human blood feeding in the Hemipteroids
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4
Q

hemipteroid orders - uses for the piercing sucking mouthparts

A
  1. Suck plant fluids (sap)
  2. Attack prey, suck out nutrition
  3. Suck blood
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5
Q

hemipteroid: piercing sucking mouthparts - which organisms show independent evolutions of human blood feeding

A
  • Pthiraptera
  • Triatomes (Reduviidae, Hemiptera)
  • Cimicidae (Hemiptera)
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6
Q

Phthiraptera

A
  • Lice
  • All parasitic on veterbrates
  • Wingless
  • Piercing mouthparts for sucking blood from mammals (even marine mammals)
  • Claws adapted to grasp hair; eggs cemented to hair (‘nits’)
  • Most mammals have species specific lice parasites
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7
Q

phthiraptera - what species of lice do humans have?

A
  • Head
  • Pubic (‘Crabs’)
  • Body (only one that is a disease vector)
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8
Q

phthiraptera: human lice - why are body lice disease vectors

A

their piercing mouthparts spit saliva that transmits disease from someone else that had typhus

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9
Q

Hemiptera

A
  • true bugs
  • Name means “half wing”
  • Forewings of suborder Heteroptera have a base that is thick and leathery and a distal end that is membranous
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10
Q

Hemiptera - key features of Hemipteran biology

A
  • All-fluid diet ingested through piercing-sucking mouthparts
  • Two canals: deliver saliva in, suck food out
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11
Q

Reduciidae

A
  • assassin bug
  • Predators of other arthropods
  • Exception: Triatominae subfamily feeds on blood
  • Some species transmit Chagas disease in tropics
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12
Q

Reduciidae - how can they use their mouthparts

A
  1. predatory (pierce, externally digest and suck prey)
  2. Phytophagous (pierce plant, suck sap)
  3. Parasitic (pierce skin, suck blood)
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13
Q

Gerridae

A
  • water striders
  • elongated body
  • Long legs
  • Predators of insects on water surface
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14
Q

Gerridae - how do they move on the water

A
  • Hydrophobic hairs on front and rear legs let them ride surface tension
  • Use middle legs like oars to move
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15
Q

Pentatomidae

A
  • stink bugs
  • Stinky cyanide-based defensive fluid (but other Hemiptera families have it too)
  • Characteristic shape, prominent scutellum (not on similar shield bugs)
  • Most are plant feeders
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16
Q

Cimicidae

A
  • bed bugs
  • Suck blood from mammals and birds
  • Wingless
  • Don’t transmit disease to humans
  • Transferred typically through furniture
  • Can live >year w/o food – resistant to starvation
17
Q

Cicadidae

A
  • cicadas
  • Annual come out every year (but take >1 year to develop)
  • Loud species-specific song
  • Periodic cicadas (genus Magicicada): 13- and 17-year cycles
  • they swamp their predators
18
Q

cicadidae - how do they swamp their predators

A
  • Predators take advantage of the swarm and eat them.
  • predators then get full and the cicadas that survive can reproduce
19
Q

cicadidae - explain mating and reproduction behavior

A
  • Brood feed on plant roots, then mass emergence to mate
  • then they oviposit in branch
  • after, nymphs drop to soil, burrow, feed on roots
20
Q

What is the similarities between mayflies and cicadas and why are locusts different

A
  • Mayflies and cicadas : Coming out for a brief time and coordinate their mating bc they both live short lives. Some extent overwhelms predators
  • Locusts: Swarming bc they overeaten their food source
21
Q

Aphidae

A
  • aphids
  • Winged and wingless, sexual and parthogenetic (developmental plasticity)
  • Can damage plant through feeding
  • Distinguished by cornicles
  • Produces honeydew as a sugary excrement
  • mutualism with ants
22
Q

Aphidae - explain the mutualism with ants

A
  • aphids are tended by ants for honeydew
  • ants protect aphids form predators, in return they get honeydew
23
Q

Problems associated with feeding on sap

A
  1. Too much water and sugar (“dinking from a fire hose”). Honeydew excretion = sugar water
  2. Not enough other nutrients (also applies to blood feeders, except for sugar part)
24
Q

solutions to problems associated with feeding on sap

A
  1. Filter chamber: get sugar and water out of gut quickly and in large quantities to focus on micro-nutrients
  2. Symbiotic micro-organisms: house microbe factories to produce what you want
25
Q

solutions to sap feeding - filter chamber

A
  • they filter out most water and sugar in “first pass”
  • Let rest go through the full digestive tract
  • Can concentrate other nutrients up to 10x
26
Q

solutions to sap feeding - symbiotic micro-organisms example

A

Aphids and the bacterial symbiont Buchnera

27
Q

solutions to sap feeding: symbiotic micro-organisms example - Aphids and Buchnera

A
  • aphids rely on bacteria metabolism for essential amino acids
  • Bunchnera rely on aphids for place to live (aphids have special folds in gut tissue for them)
  • Bunchnera maternally transfers in eggs of aphids; co-speciation of host and symbiont
28
Q

symbiotic micro-organisms example: Aphids and Buchnera - Experimental evidence

A
  • treat aphids with antibiotic, they will not die immediately but cannot continue growing and molting
  • Unless they are supplemented with amino acids

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