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Insect Bio > Hymenoptera > Flashcards

Hymenoptera Flashcards

1
Q

explain the hymenoptera order

A
  • sawflies, parasitoid wasps, stinging wasps, bees, and ants
  • Name means ‘joined wing’
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2
Q

explain the ecological importance of hymenoptera

A
  • The parasitoids, predatory wasps, and ants are each huge forces regulating the populations of other arthropods
  • Bees are the major pollinators of both natural and agricultural flowering plants
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3
Q

explain the economic importance of hymenoptera

A
  • use parasitoids, predatory wasps, and ants as pest control to regulate arthropod populations
  • managed pollination is used in agriculture
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4
Q

explain the evolutionary transitions in the hymenoptera

A
  • ovipositor and herbivory -> wasp waist and parasitoidism -> hunting, sting and nest building -> pollination.
  • Nest enables sociality -> once social, can evolve larger colony sizes and complexity
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5
Q

what are the three suborders of hymenoptera

A
  • Symphata
  • Parasitica
  • Aculeata
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6
Q

suborders of hymenoptera - symphata

A
  • Sawflies
  • they are herbivores
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7
Q

suborders of hymenoptera - parasitica

A

Parasitoids

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8
Q

suborders of hymenoptera - aculeata

A
  • Stinging Hymenoptera
  • Mostly predators, but not all
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9
Q

explain the symphata suborder

A
  • Herbivores
  • Ancestral hymenoptera group
  • No ‘wasp (skinny) waist’
  • Oviposit into plant with ‘saw’ ovipositor
  • Caterpillar-like larvae
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10
Q

explain the hypothesis for the evolutionary transition: ovipositor -> parasitoidism

A

parasitoids was a short step to bypass the burrow and just oviposit into prey

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11
Q

explain the Parasitica suborder

A

evolution of wasp waist and the parasitoid niche

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12
Q

parasitica - define parasitoid

A

consume/kill host from within

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13
Q

parasitica - what has to change from a symphata (sawflies) to parasiticas (parasitoids)

A
  • foraging targets
  • morphology/behavior
  • ecological interactions
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14
Q

parasitica: what has to change from a symphata (sawflies) - foraging targets

A

Searching for insect prey not plants

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15
Q

parasitica: what has to change from a symphata (sawflies) - morphology/behavior

A
  • Instead of having a plant, you have things that can run away.
  • Narrow waist allows easier attacks if the prey runs away
  • ovipositor is used to drill into hosts not plants
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16
Q

parasitica: what has to change from a symphata (sawflies) - ecological interactions

A

moved up a trophic level, to where predators are

17
Q

parasitica: shift to parasitoidism

A
  • Hugely successful shift
  • Vast diversity
  • Most species have hymenopteran parasitoids
  • Ecologically important for population control, pests in agriculture
18
Q

explain the Aculeata suborder

A
  • Ovipositor is now a sting that injects venom instead of eggs
  • No male has a stinger (only females)
19
Q

aculeata - problems

A
  • Parasitoids limited by size of host
  • Have to keep hosts alive throughout parasitoid development
20
Q

aculeata - solutions

A

Sting prey to paralyze it

21
Q

aculeata - what has to change from a parasitoid in order for the prey to be stung

A
  • Morphology, behavior, etc.
  • Sensory and ecological adaptations/implications
22
Q

aculeata: what has to change - morphology/behavior

A
  • evolution of nest building
  • once paralyzed, take prey to safe place (dig a hole in the ground – their nest) and oviposit on or next to prey
  • Build nest to protect prey so resource is monopolized by offspring alone
23
Q

aculeata: what has to change - sensory and ecological adaptatins/implications

A
  • Evolve the ability to move around
  • Later evolves into social groups
24
Q

aculeata - What relationships are present between hunting wasps and prey body size

A
  • Multiple prey – size does not matter between prey and wasp
  • Single prey – size and wasp size are similar
25
Q

explain the Bees

A
  • Evolved from within the hunting wasps
  • Provision young with pollen and nectar (rather than prey)
  • Diverse
  • Most important pollinators in natural and agricultural systems
  • Evolution of social behavior but vast majority are solitary
  • Sting for self (and nest) defense – no hunting
26
Q

the bees - do you think that bees evolved from hunters that provisioned their young with single, large prey. Or multiple small prey?

A

More likely evolved from hunters that provisioned their young with many small prey

27
Q

explain bees and pollination

A
  • All bees exploit pollen for food; not all are pollinators
  • Broad coevolution between plants and bees: flowers signal reward, bees seek them out
28
Q

bees and pollination - how do plants and bees see pollen

A
  • Bee’s perspective: food, protein source
  • Plants perspective: way to package sperm
29
Q

bees and pollination - how do plants and bees see nectar

A
  • Bee’s perspective: food, carb source
  • Plant’s perspective: way to lure bees (or other animals) to the pollen
30
Q

bees and pollination - how do plants and bees see a bee

A
  • Bee’s perspective: N/A
  • Plant’s perspective: more efficient way than wind to get genes to another flower
31
Q

bees and pollination - how do plants and bees see a flower

A
  • Bee’s perspective: place to find food
  • Plant’s perspective: signal to attract animals to pollen
32
Q

what is managed pollination

A
  • bees being developed for agriculture: e.g., mason bees (Osmia sp.)
  • Solitary, so cant be raised in such numbers
  • But each individual is much more efficient than a honeybee
  • Managing pollinators becomes easier when its small and a variety of crops
33
Q

misconceptions about bees

A
  • all bees live in a hive
  • There’s a queen bee and worker bee
  • Bees die when they sting you
  • Bees make honey
34
Q

misconceptions about bees - all bees live in a hive

A
  • No, most bees are solitary and dig nests into the ground or a cavity
  • bees take the honey back to the nest (usually tunnel in ground, or stick, or in cavity) and put it in individual cell, lay egg on the cell, repeat
35
Q

misconceptions about bees - there’s a queen and a worker bee

A
  • Not usually
  • Most bees are single moms
  • Mom’s lay eggs, gives them food, then leave
36
Q

misconceptions about bees - bees die when they sting you

A
  • No, only honeybees do this
  • honeybees die bc their barbed stinger remains in the skin, pulling her guts out
  • Wasps, ants, and other bees can sting over and over
  • some bees and ants don’t sting at all
37
Q

misconceptions about bees - bees make honey

A

Only Apis honeybees and stingless bees make honey

38
Q

explain parasitism of stored resources in the hymenoptera order

A
  • nesting opens up new opportunity for those that can access nests
  • Many Hymenoptera have evolved brood-parasitism on other Hymenoptera hosts (a few flies and beetles have evolved this too)
39
Q

parasitism of stored resources - explain relatedness and parasitism

A
  • Many members of ‘honest’ groups (both solitary and social) evolved into parasites
  • So, a bee or wasp may parasitize closely related nest-building species in addition to species from parasitic families

Insect Bio (26 decks)

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