Chapter 2 Individual Differences: Personality an Values

Question 1

“The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the physiological processes behind those characteristics” is the definition of?

Answer 1

Personality.

Question 2

People engage in a wide range of behaviors in their daily lives, yet close inspection of those actions reveals “____”.

Answer 2

Personality traits.

Question 3

Personality is shaped by both “____” and “____”, although the relative importance of each continues to be debated and studied.

Answer 3

Nature and nurture.

Question 4

“____” refers to our genetic or hereditary origins- the genes that we inherit from our parents.

Answer 4

Nature.

Question 5

“____” is the part of the brain that monitors and regulates goal- directed behavior to keep it consistent with our self-concept.

Answer 5

Executive function.

Question 6

“The five broad dimensions representing most personality traits: conscientiousness, neuroticisim, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion” is the definition or what?

Answer 6

Five-factor model. (Big five)

Question 7

Organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious. These factors describe which personality trait in the five-fator model?

Answer 7

Conscientiousness.

Question 8

Trusting, helpful, good-natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible. These factors describe which personality trait in the five-fator model?

Answer 8

Agreeableness.

Question 9

Anxious, insecure, self-conscious, depressed, and temperamental. These factors describe which personality trait in the five-fator model?

Answer 9

Neuorticism.

Question 10

Imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconforming, autonomous, and perceptive. These factors describe which personality trait in the five-fator model?

Answer 10

Openness to experience.

Question 11

Outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable, and assertive. These factors describe which personality trait in the five-fator model?

Answer 11

Extraversion

Question 12

The big five factors are represented by what acronym?

Answer 12

C A N O E

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion.

Question 13

“A cluster of three socially undesirable (dark) personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and pyschopathy” is the definition of what?

Answer 13

The dark triad.

Question 14

Name the decscribed personality trait (dark triad).
A personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that decet is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in out witting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality.

Answer 14

Machiavellianism.

Question 15

Name the decscribed personality trait (dark triad).
A personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engane in attention-seeking behaviors, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, exploitation of others of personal aggrandizement.

Answer 15

Narcissism.

Question 16

Name the decscribed personality trait (dark triad).
A personality trait of people who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety, use superficial charm, yet are social predators who engage in antisocial, impulsive, and often fraudulent thrill-seeking behavior.

Answer 16

Psychopathy.

Question 17

“The use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization” if the definition of?

Answer 17

Organizational politics.

Question 18

Voluntary behaviors that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization are called?

Answer 18

Counterproductive work behaviors.

Question 19

An instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceived and judging information. The is called?

Answer 19

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 20

“____” involves perceiving information directly through the five senses; it relies on an organized structure to aquire factual and preferably quantitative details.

Answer 20

Sensing.

Question 21

“____” relies more on insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables.

Answer 21

Intuition.

Question 22

How people prefer making decisions based on what they have perceived is called what?

Answer 22

Judging.

Question 23

People with a “____” orientation rely on rational cause-effect logic and systematic data collection to make decisions.

Answer 23

Thinking.

Question 24

Those with a strong “____” orientation, on the other hand, give more weight to their emotional responses to the options presented as well as to how those choices affect others.

Answer 24

Feeling.

Question 25

People with a “____” orientation are open, curious, and flexible.

Answer 25

Perceiving.

Question 26

People who are “____” types prefer order and structure and want to resolve problems quickly.

Answer 26

Judging.

Question 27

“Relatively stable evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations” is the definition of?

Answer 27

Values.

Question 28

Values shared across a society is called?

Answer 28

Cultural values.

Question 29

Values exist within the individual, which is called?

Answer 29

Personal values.

Question 30

Groups of people that have shared values. This is called?

Answer 30

Shared values.

Question 31

The values shared by people throughout an organization are called?

Answer 31

Organizational values.

Question 32

The most widely accepted model of personal values is called?

Answer 32

Schwartz’s values circumplex.

Question 33

What are the four quadrants of Schwartz’s value circumplex?

Answer 33

Openness to change, self-transcendence, conversation, and self-enhancement.

Question 34

“____” refers to the extent to which a person is motivated to pursue innovative ways.

Answer 34

Openness to change.

Question 35

Openness to changes includes which values?

Answer 35

Self-direction, stimulation, and hedonism.

Question 36

The extent to which a person is motivated to preserve the status quo is considered, which quadrant of the Schwartz value circumplex?

Answer 36

Conversation.

Question 37

The conversation quadrant includes which values?

Answer 37

Conformity,security, and tradition.

Question 38

How much a person is motivated by self-interest is which quadrant of the Schwartzs value circumplex?

Answer 38

Self enhancement.

Question 39

The self-enhancement quadrant includes which values?

Answer 39

Achievement, power, and hedonism.

Question 40

Motivation to promote the welfare of others and nature is which quadrant of the Schwartz value circumplex?

Answer 40

Self-transendence.

Question 41

The self-transcendence quadrant includes what values?

Answer 41

Benevolence and universalism.

Question 42

“____” refers to how similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization’s or any other entity (such as team or society)

Answer 42

Values congruence.

Question 43

“____” refers to the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.

Answer 43

Ethics.

Question 44

What are the four ethical principles?

Answer 44

Utilitarianism, individual rights, distributive justice, ethic of care.

Question 45

The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles.

Answer 45

Moral intensity.

Question 46

“A person’s ability to detect a moral dilemma and estimate its relative importance” is called?

Answer 46

Moral sensitivity.

Question 47

What are the five values that have cross-cultural significance?

Answer 47

Individualism, collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and achievement nurturing orientation.

Question 48

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness. This is which cross-cultural value?

Answer 48

Individualism.

Question 49

“____” is the extent to which we value our duty to groups to which we belong and to group harmony.

Answer 49

Collectivism.

Question 50

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society. This is which cross-cultural value?

Answer 50

Power distance.

Question 51

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people tolerate ambiguity or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty. This is which cross-cultural value?

Answer 51

Uncertainty avoidance.

Question 52

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people. This is which cross-cultural value?

Answer 52

Achievement-nurturing orientation.

Question 53

The most researched and respected clustering of personality traits is?

Answer 53

The five factor model.

Question 54

Carl jung proposed that there are two ways in which people prefer to gather information or perceive the world around them. These are?

Answer 54

Sensing and intuition.

Question 55

The most widely accepted model of personal values is?

Answer 55

Schwartz’s values circumplex.

Question 56

Most ethical issues are associated with four ethical principles:”____”, “____”, “____”, and “___”

Answer 56

Utilitarianism, individual rights, distributive justice, and the ethic of care.

Question 57

This ethical principle says the only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Name that principle.

Answer 57

Utilitarianism.

Question 58

This ethical principle says that everyone has the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of movement, the right to physical security and the right to Fair trial. Name that principle.

Answer 58

Individual rights.

Question 59

This ethical principle says that the benefits and burdens of similar individuals should be the same; otherwise, they should be proportional. Name that principle.

Answer 59

Distributive justice.

Question 60

This ethical principle states that everyone has a moral obligation to help others within their relational sphere to grow and self-actualize. Name this principle.

Answer 60

Ethic of care.

Question 61

How similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization or any other entity is known as values “ ____”

Answer 61

Congruence.

Question 62

Moral sensitivity is also referred to as?

Answer 62

Ethical sensitivity.

Question 63

“____” refers to a person’s receptive and impartial attention to an awareness of the present situation as well as to one’s own thoughts and emotions in that moment.

Answer 63

Mindfulness.

Question 64

“____” is intended to motivate and guide employee behavior and Signal the importance of ethical conduct.

Answer 64

A code of ethical conduct.

Question 65

People who value personal freedom, self-sufficiency, and control over their own lives have high “____”

Answer 65

Individualism.

Question 66

True or false. A limitation of cross-cultural knowledge is that many cross-cultural studies incorrectly assumed that each country has one culture.

Answer 66

True.

Question 67

People with high “____” view the relationship with their boss as one of interdependence, prefer to resolve differences through formal procedures, and expect consultation before decisions affecting them are made.

Answer 67

Power distance.

Question 68

An employee who is most comfortable if there are rules, policies, and procedures in place that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have high “____”

Answer 68

Uncertainty avoidance.