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ANIMSCI 4597 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Peter Singer

A

1975 Animal Liberations
Animals should not be used by humans for anything

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2
Q

Animal Protection/Welfare Summary

A

Use but don’t abuse
Use for food, biomedical research okay
Fur or cosmetic use has controversies

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3
Q

Martin’s Act

A

First law to prohibit animal cruelty 1822 in England
Regarding cruel treatment of cattle

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4
Q

Humane Method of Slaughter Act

A

1958 - Animals must be stunned before humane kill, poultry not included
2006 - edited

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5
Q

Daniel Andreas

A

Animal Rights Extremist
Bombed buildings of 3 companies
FBI most wanted

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6
Q

Anthropocentric

A

Placing humans at the center of one’s world, as though all other life forms are relatively unimportant or inferior to humans.

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7
Q

Anthropomorphic

A

Attributing to animals the human features and behaviors, thinking that animal needs and wants are the same as human needs and wants.

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8
Q

Autonomous

A

A species living or conducting itself completely independent of others: self-determining, subject to its own laws. When applied to the consideration of animals and their relationship to humans - are the animals free from dependence on humans for well-being? If so, they are autonomous

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9
Q

Discrimination (specific to biomedical research)

A

Selection of an animal for experimentation, where that animal’s responses are applicable and the results of the experiment will apply to the target organism (animal or human).

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10
Q

Neolithic

A

Pertaining to or characteristic of the last phase of the Stone Age, marked by the domestication of animals, development of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles

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11
Q

Sentience

A

Capability of detecting changes in one’s personal environment - particularly regarding pain or discomfort. Having a nervous system and capable of responding to stimuli.

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12
Q

Sapience

A

sentience along with the awareness of being “aware”

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13
Q

Utilitarianism

A

Philosophy of decision making where the best conduct or viewpoint is the one that best serves the majority. For most animal rights advocates, other animals are equal to humans – all are beings. Thus, the utilitarian aspect brings the most good to the most beings.

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14
Q

Three ethics

A

Personal - what you “know” and value
Social - what “they” say, do
Professional - what keeps your job, career

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15
Q

Dr. Bernard Rollin ethics

A

1st level ethics - Good Vs Bad
2nd level ethics - look for consistency in good vs bad

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16
Q

Rollin’s thoughts

A

Blending of personal and social ethics - humanization of animals anthropomorphism)
Most people don’t live on a farm or get involved with agriculture careers household pets are only connection

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17
Q

Eastern philosophies

A

General belief that animals and humans are more equal

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18
Q

Western philosophies

A

Teach that humans are dominant
Older views = animals inferior, use as humans see fit,
no moral obligations about treatment
Newer views = animal use OK, more attention to
welfare, mistreatment is sinful or morally wrong

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19
Q

Amish

A

Value community life and harmony with nature - rural living and organic farming
Communities each have own set of rules
Animals are a tool for human use
Amish are not vegetarians

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20
Q

Amish commercial dog production

A

Animal views extend to raising and selling dogs as done with livestock
Concerns about animal care - unsanitary, lack of health care
Gaining profit - dependence from the modern world

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21
Q

American Indians and bison

A

Subduing enemy by restricting resources led to destruction of the American Bison by U.S. Army
They used Bison for food clothing and shelter

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22
Q

Buddhism believes in ______ but ______ as an animal is due to past misdeeds

A

Believes in rebirth but rebirth as an animal is due to past misdeeds

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23
Q

Jainism

A

Strictly vegan - eat roots and grains
All life is sacred
Don’t wear leather, keep pets, or engage in agriculture

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24
Q

Hinduism

A

Vegetarian
Cows are sacred India bans killing cows - no beef consumed
Animal slaughtering done by lowest castes but animal sacrifice done by all castes

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25
Q

Kosher

A

Jewish method
Animals should have no flaws and disease
Family relationships important - cow and calf not killed together
Goal = removal of blood - animal is awake throat cut

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26
Q

Halal

A

Islamic method
Awake, restrained one cut with sharp knife after prayer
Goal = removal of blood - animal is awake throat cut

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27
Q

Islam

A

Follows have power over animals, not allowed to mistreat
Kill only out of necessity, no sport hunting
Pets varies within region and tribe

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28
Q

Jewish

A

Can consume cloven hoofed animals that ruminate, poultry & fish with fins and scales
No hunting for sport kill only for human need

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29
Q

Vegan

A

Plant food only

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30
Q

Fruitarian

A

Fruits, nuts, honey, vegetable oils

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31
Q

Lacto-vegetarian

A

Does consume some dairy

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32
Q

Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

A

Some dairy and eggs

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33
Q

Pesco-vegetarian

A

Plants, fruits, and fish, MAYBE dairy and eggs

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34
Q

Omnivore

A

consumes both plant and animal products

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35
Q

Animal welfare

A

A movement that believes in
refining and replacing techniques to reduce numbers of animals used in research – and that those animals should be treated as humanely as possible. This concept includes
proper housing, disease prevention, nutrition, and humane euthanasia or slaughter.

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36
Q

Animal rights

A

A movement that insists that animals
have moral rights equal to those of humans and is
totally opposed to using animals for biomedical
research, sporting events, clothing, entertainment,
product testing, and for food

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37
Q

Liberation

A

The implementation of the concept that
animals are not to be put to work in any way, and all
use of animals should be eliminated. Animal
liberationists have committed crimes to set animals
free (ex: lab break-ins)

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38
Q

Tom Regan

A

The idea that animals are “subjects of a life,”
they have an innate value or worth

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39
Q

Richard Ryder

A

Stated: “Pain is the only evil”
Authored: Speciesism and Painism

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40
Q

Sentience

A

Awareness

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41
Q

Sapience

A

Awareness of being aware and making about choices about what to do in life

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42
Q

Great Ape Project

A

Legal rights to non-human great apes: bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans

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43
Q

Marc Beckoff

A

Against GAP
authored “Rights of Animals”
States GAP is an example of discrimination based on speciesism

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44
Q

Stevin Wise

A

For GAP
Apes are autonomous, thus entitled
Founded ALDF - Animal Legal Defense Fund

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45
Q

Rene Descartes

A

I think, therefore I am
Machine theory - animals are not like machines they ARE machines

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46
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Only rational beings can enter into contractual arrangements
Contractarianism
Animals are not rational

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47
Q

John Locke

A

Animals can be used as a resource because they cannot form general or abstract ideas
(ex. milk and snow same color)

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48
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

“The question is not - Can they reason? Nor, Can they talk ? But rather, Can they suffer?”
Utilitarianism

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49
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Differences between species are only by degree
Supported vivisection to progress science but did not like it

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50
Q

Vivisection

A

Cutting into live animal.
Originally, no anesthesia was used because anesthesia had not yet been developed.
Today the term refers to any and all types of animal experimentation.

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51
Q

Dissection

A

Cutting apart for purposes of scientific examination (usually refers to use of animal or human cadavers)

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52
Q

Peter Singer

A

Contemporary philosopher
Utilitarian
OK to euthanize “damaged” humans

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53
Q

Tom Regan

A

Contemporary philosopher
All animals have inherent value - therefore “subjects of a life”

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54
Q

Michael Fox

A

Contemporary philosopher
wrote “case for animal experimentation”
Was pro-research, then Tom Regan converted him to animal rights

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55
Q

R.G. Frey

A

Contemporary philosopher
Unequal value thesis: not all life is equal

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56
Q

Ingrid Newkirk

A

“A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy”
Human life is no more valuable than animal life

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57
Q

Neal Bernard

A

PETA medical advisor

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58
Q

Animal Liberation Front (ALF)

A

Very radical group with philosophy of animals
Considered terrorist by FBI

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59
Q

Temple Grandin

A

Animals think in pictures
Fear = dominant emotion
Different things frighten them

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60
Q

Aldo Leopold

A

Land ethic = stop viewing environment as resource since we are all members of biotic community
Good/bad = based on what happens to biotic community, not the individual

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61
Q

J. Baird Callicott

A

Liberationists have “life-loathing” philosophy - no thought to consequences

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62
Q

Nim Chimpsky

A

Knew ASL

63
Q

Koko

A

Gorilla knew ASL communication

64
Q

Animal Welfare Act (1966)

A

Protection of animals from gross abuse
Initial goal was to stop the theft of dogs to be used in research
Has evolved to cover dog, cat, NHP, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit or any other warm-blooded animal used for research except birds, laboratory rats and mice not covered by AWA specifically

65
Q

Horse/Farm Animal coverage under AWA

A

Horses and other farm animals used for “food and fiber” research not covered
Horses and farm animals used for teaching or biomedical research are covered

66
Q

Claudius Galen

A

Founder of the study of anatomy

67
Q

William Harvey

A

Demonstrated blood circulation using vivisection

68
Q

Martin’s Act

A

Offense to wantonly abuse, specifically targeted to handling of cattle

69
Q

Corneal transplants

A

Worked on humans for many years, first human transplant in 1906

70
Q

Kidney transplants

A

Work carried out in initially in dogs, best success in cats, first human transplants in 1950s, problems with rejection - many years of work with animals to overcome

71
Q

Hip replacement surgery

A

Robotic surgery techniques 1st learned in dogs and now still done to help people and dogs with him problems

72
Q

Replacement heart valves

A

Replacement valve, usually from pigs, washed, denatured and tanned to render it biologically inert, reduce rejections
Developed after many years work in rabbits, Guinea pigs and rats.

73
Q

Rats and mice account for __-__% of the animals used in research

A

80-90%

74
Q

3 R’s of research

A

Reduce - # of animals used, # of procedures
Refine - procedures to minimize pain, discomfort
Replace - animals with non-animal alternatives, models, or animals of lower phylogenetic scale

75
Q

Penicillin mistakes

A

Not effective in cultures: delayed use for 10 years
Discrimination - Guinea Pigs: penicillin is fatal

76
Q

Thalidomide

A

Scientist never tested on pregnant animals
Fetal deaths & severe limb deformities – banned

77
Q

Animal Rights Research Focus

A
  1. Regulating use of animals (legislation)
  2. Abolishing use of animals
  3. Search for alternatives – are we there yet
78
Q

IACUC

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
Required for institutions by congress in 1985
Must have to get federal funding

79
Q

USDA - Animal Welfare Act in regards to humane lab animal care

A

Rats, birds and mice still excluded

80
Q

OSU adds _____ to the 3 R’s of research

A

Be responsible

81
Q

Stuart Derbyshire

A

Believes the 3 R’s are patronizing, poor science, a confession of guilt

82
Q

Transgenic Animals

A

Putting human genes into animal DNA

83
Q

Concordant

A

Animal to human transplants
Closely related species - easier

84
Q

Discordant

A

Animal to human transplant
Divergent species harder to do

85
Q

Animal to Human Organ Transplant Risk

A

Worst case is disease transfer which could be disastrous for human population

86
Q

Draize test

A

Prove product is irritating to eyes or skin commonly use rabbits because they have no tear ducts

87
Q

Replacement to rabbit eyes

A

Horseshoe crab blood cells could be a replacement

88
Q

Toxicity studies

A

LD - 50
Dosage needed to kill 50% of subjects

89
Q

First cloned animal

A

Dolly the sheep

90
Q

Concern with cloning

A

Loss of genetic diversity, disease resistance, environmental adaptability

90
Q

Gene pharming

A

The use of transgenic animals or plants to produce medicine
“Turning milk to medicine”

91
Q

3 Management methods for wildlife management

A

Biologically sound
Environmentally safe
Socially acceptable

91
Q

Xenotransplantation

A

The transplantation of living cells, tissues and organs from one species to another
(Animal organs into humans)

91
Q

Chronic Wasting Disease

A

Starting to be a concern in Ohio found it in the deer farm in Ohio but not wild
It is a fatal disease

91
Q

Rabies

A

7 varient strains
Ohio has mainly bat and skunk rabies but possibility of raccoon rabies
Bat bites are very small and hard to see

92
Q

If a bat is not acting like a bat…

A

It probable has rabies

92
Q

Wildlife strike on airplanes is most often caused

A

By birds

93
Q

Invasive species examples in Ohio

A

Double crested cormorant
Feral swine

94
Q

Integrated Wildlife Damage Management Plan

A

Must be species specific and site specific

95
Q

T/F You can harm migratory birds like Canadian geese?

A

False

96
Q

Invasive species definition

A

1) Non-native or alien to the ecosystem under consideration
2) Whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm to human health

97
Q

Invasive species - Hawaii

A

Feral pigs - root and trample and borrow through habitat
Goats - no native predators - must fence and trap
Rats - stow aways, no predators

98
Q

Why did introducing the mongoose to kill rats in Hawaii fail

A

Rat is nocturnal but mongoose is diurnal

99
Q

Animal rights activists argue that ________ of an invasive species is _____ - they now live there too

A

Extermination; wrong

100
Q

Wild pigs ____ __ _____ ______, as natives
hunt the pigs for traditional food and sport

A

Part of Hawaiian culture

101
Q

Invasive species are low priority unless it’s a personal problem: Many people ______ with the
problems caused by invasive species

A

Not concerned

102
Q

Invasive species - Florida

A

Pythons - originally released by humans now breeding in wild
People invading alligator space

103
Q

Invasive species - Lake Erie

A

Gobi Fish - resource depletion
Asian Carp - resource depletion

104
Q

Rat Island

A

Worse than an oil spill, prevent birds from living on island

104
Q

Invasive species - Great Lakes

A

Zebra mussels - clog water facility pipes, cling to many man-made object

105
Q

Hunting definitions

A

The practice of pursuing animals for food, recreation, or trade
To drive out forcibly, especially by harassing; chase away

106
Q

20th Century India in regards to hunting

A

General opinion against hunting, put the India Wildlife Protection Act of 1972

107
Q

Fox Hunting Act of 2004 in UK

A

Bans fox hunting, deer hunting and hare coursing with dogs

108
Q

Favored the ban on hunting with dogs

A

Opinion polls
House of Commons
Not equivalent to blood sport
Fox considered vermin
Does not hinder other humans

109
Q

Were/are against ban of hunting with dogs

A

House of Lords
Not hunting to survive
Real predators eventually give up
Dogs don’t kill effectively

109
Q

Why was fox hunting well liked?

A

Women were allowed to participate with med, rich and poor could participate (spectator)

110
Q

Trophy Hunting

A

Selective hunting of wild game animals
Controversial
Helpful to economy

111
Q

Argument for hunting Whitetail deer

A

More whitetail deer now than ever
Deer season is a cultural ritual
Starvation of old bucks

112
Q

Argument against hunting Whitetail deer

A

Could distort sex ratio
Could increase the number of females for an are which increases off-spring

113
Q

Trapping definitions

A

Hunting to obtain fur
Use of traps to catch animals for variety of purposes: food, pest control, wildlife management

114
Q

Body Gripping/Conibear

A

Lethal
Designed to kill trapped animals quickly
Strikes at back of neck or shoulders to dislocate spine

115
Q

Snares

A

Anchored cable or wire
Wildly disputed
In Ohio must have stop on cable (non-lethal)

116
Q

Foothold traps

A

Two jaws with trigger in the middle
Have offset jaws
State laws vary

117
Q

AVMA Position on traps

A

Opposes the use of conventional unmodified steel jaw leg hold traps
Traps should reduce injury, stress, minimize pain and suffering to wildlife, prevent capture of non-target animals

118
Q

Cage traps

A

Animals are baited
Common in urban environments

119
Q

Glue traps

A

Lethal
Baits used to lure animals
Indoor rodent control

120
Q

Advantages to trapping

A

Pest control
Reduce number of predators
Reduce over population
Catch animals for research or relocation

121
Q

AFWA (Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies)

A

Does not take lightly to the killing of animals

122
Q

Trapping in Ohio

A

Teeth on leg hold illegal
Must check traps every 24hrs
Must have ame on trap
Mandatory trapper education and licensing
Can’t used exposed bait
Strict liability applies
Kill or release where caught

123
Q

Shark finning

A

Cutting off dorsal fin of sharks for shark fin soup then letting sharks drown
Has caused drastic reduction in shark population

124
Q

Hunting breakdown

A

38.5% Competition/sport
43.8% For meat
17.8% Enjoy nature/social aspect

125
Q

In regard to level of animal protection what must you take into account

A

Sociopolitical background and dominant religious traits

126
Q

Driving force forces for animal protection developing countries vs developed countries

A

Developing - wildlife and food animals
Developed - companion animals

127
Q

International activities - Developing countries

A

Most all protection set up by organizations from developed countries as outreach efforts
Focus: stray ot community dog population control

128
Q

____% of strays need to be removed or it causes a _____ _____ resulting in larger litters

A

70%, vacuum effect

129
Q

Number one reason animals are taken to shelter

A

Behavior issues

130
Q

Shelter pet euthanasia rates

A

3-4 million euthanized
1/2 considered not adoptable

131
Q

Transport: horses

A

High status (owned by men)
Limited in range due to health problems

132
Q

Transport: mules

A

High status and expensive

133
Q

Transport: donkeys

A

Low status (owned by women)
Inexpensive
Hardy and drought tolerant but small

134
Q

Donkeys are _____ numerically

A

increasing

135
Q

China has been slaughtering donkeys for what

A

E’jiao a medicine

136
Q

Women and donkeys

A

Donkeys are gender neutral and socially easier for women to acquire and use
Allow women to delegate some of the transport chores like water collection to their children

137
Q

Donkey care in developing countries

A

Veterinary care rare
Variable ability to provide recommended feeding
Often have harnessing/pack sores associated with equipment

138
Q

_____ and _____ should have the highest value of any product of slaughter animals other than the carcass

A

Hides and skins

139
Q

Scare tactic

A

The threat that if you don’t do or don’t believe this, something terrible will happen
“Unless we stop feeding antibiotics to farm animals, human diseases will become untreatable.”

140
Q

Straw person

A

Distorting or exaggerating an opponent’s arguments to make one’s own seem stronger
“Animal rights activists would rather let people die of cancer than acknowledge any benefits from animal research.”

141
Q

Bandwagon

A

The idea that “everybody” does this or believes this

142
Q

Slanters

A

Trying to persuade through inflammatory and exaggerated language instead of through reason
Also look for use of words of exaggeration like “titanic” or “shattering”
“The worst drug pushers don’t work city streets - they operate today’s factory farms.”

143
Q

Generalizations

A

Using statistics or facts to generalize about a population, place, or thing
“The meat diet of hardy Eskimos proves that eating meat will make you healthy, happy, and virile.”

144
Q

Personal attack

A

Criticizing an opponent personally instead of rationally debating his or her ideas
“Most animal rights activists are hypocrites who are just on a power trip. They’re more interested in getting on the news than in the welfare of animals.”

145
Q

Categorical statements

A

Stating something in a way implying that there can be no arguments
“There’s no doubt in the minds of reasonable people that factory farming is bad for the environment, bad for farm animals, and bad for human health.”

146
Q

Slippery slope

A

A small, tricky, perhaps dangerous action that is expected to create a chain of events that will lead to inevitable disaster:
“If we grant rights to Great Apes, then it won’t be long before dogs will be allowed to drive and whales will be given the right to vote.”

ANIMSCI 4597 (4 decks)

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