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Preventive Medicine > environmental and occupational > Flashcards

environmental and occupational Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in an environmental risk assessment?

A

Hazard identification
Dose response
Exposure assessment
Risk characterization

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2
Q

What is the radiation limit for occupational exposures

A

5 rem

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3
Q

Hazard Identification

A

Step in environmental risk assessment where hazards of chemicals affects in humans and animals is determined

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4
Q

Dose - response

A

Step in environmental risk assessment that uses hazards identified in the previous step and determines the relationship between the dose and severity

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5
Q

Exposure assessment

A

Step in environmental risk assessment that identifies how much of the hazard, a population is exposed to.

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6
Q

Risk characterization

A

Step in environmental risk assessment that determines the risk in the exposed population

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7
Q

What is the effect of Infrared light on eye

A

Can cause retinal and corneal burns.
Exposures can go undetected because the retina lack pain sensation and vision symptoms occur only after severe damage

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8
Q

What is the effect of UVA and UVB on the eye

A

Photochemical cataracts and photo keratitis, and macular degeneration.

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9
Q

What is the effect of high energy visible light on the eye

A

Slow damage leasing to macular degeneration and loss of central vision

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10
Q

Arsenic ( source, symptoms, treatment

A

wells or rice
acute: NV, bloody D, muscle cramps.
Chronic: CA kidney, lung, bladder, skin; neuropathy; HTN

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11
Q

Which chemicals are considers mid spectrum agents

A

Chemical toxin produced by a biological organizm; ricin, botulism; t-2 mycotoxin

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12
Q

What are binary chemical weapons

A

munitions that hold 2 immediate precursors to a chemical agent in a separate compartments. Agents are separated by a membrane that ruptures to allow the precursors to mix in flight when launched

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13
Q

Emergency eyewash station

A

Attached to building plumbing
temp – 60 -105 F
Pressure 30 psi

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14
Q

Vinyl chloride source and disease

A

material use in plastic products; processing plants, landfills, and hazardous waste
Hepatic angiosarcoma

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15
Q

Benzene Exposure source and disease

A

Hydrocarbon AML, necrotizing chemical pneumonitis, liquid pneumonia, and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema

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16
Q

Asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

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17
Q

Who is at the highest risk for heat related illness or injury

A

chronic mental disorders
midwest and NE illness and death likely to increase

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18
Q

Chloroflurocarbon gas. Source; effect

A

refridgerators, increased UV radiation and skin cancer. Decrease Ozone layer

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19
Q

What percent of childhood asthma is attributed to air quality

A

30%

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20
Q

What percent of childhood cancers are attributed to the environment

A

5%

21
Q

What percent of childhood neurobehavioral disorders are environmentally attributable

A

10%

22
Q

Radiation effects at rads:
10
acute 2000
>1000
>2000

A

nothing… maybe slightly increased cancer risk
death
GI symptoms
Meningitis

23
Q

Noise exposure hearing loss

A

occurs with age
worsened by exposure to load noises
causesmetabolic overload

24
Q

Hyperacusis

A

pain
Occurs with short blast of noise
range 120 -155

25
Q

Who sets standards and guidelines for noise exposures at work

A

OHSA

26
Q

What are the noise regulations for works

A

noise >85 dB must have hearing protection and be enrolled in hearing conservation program
exposure of 100 dB is limited to 2 hrs.

27
Q

Silicosis

A

Sand blasting

28
Q

cyanide source, disease, symptoms

A

has, elevated lactate, anion gap, metabolic acidosis, and decreased AV oxygen gradient

28
Q

Cadmium source, disease

A

household waste, mining, soil
kidny and bone disease. maybe emphysema and lung cancer

29
Q

pyrethroids

A

Farming; functional change in the NA channels that causes agitation, seizures, and cancer.

30
Q

Organophosphates mechanism of disease, symptoms

A

farmers,, inhibit acetylcholinesterase,

31
Q

Carbamates

A

inhibit acetylcholinesterase

32
Q

How much flouride should be in the drinking water

A

0.7 ppm

33
Q

Toxic substance control act

A

passed in 1976 empowers the EPA authority to test for chemical

34
Q

Ammonia

A

Primarily used in fertilizers. strong odor. may be fatal if inhaled. Can cause corosive injuries

35
Q

What is the most common source of ionizing radiation in the US
what is the second and third most common

A

Radon, nuclear , xray

36
Q

What are the steps in drinking water treatment

A

Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection

37
Q

How long before an employer has to report a fatality to OSHA

A

8 hours

38
Q

What health risk has the highest association with abstenteeism at work

A

high BMI

39
Q

Carpel tunnel

A

tingling in palm of hands and fingers. thumb to third fingers. Thenar, but not hypothenar eminence.

40
Q

What is the most common cause of occupationally associated lower back pain

A

unknown

41
Q

Who sets the reccomended exposure limits

A

NIOSH

42
Q

Who enforces the permisible exposure limits

A

OSHA

43
Q

Who sets standards for criteria air pollutants and maximum contaminant levels for drinking water

A

EPA

44
Q

What kind of radiation does uranium emit and what does it cause.

A

The decay product is radon. It emits alpha radiation and increases the risk of lung cancer

45
Q

What is the best way to change shift work

A

go progressively from day to evening to night. We tolerate forward progressing shifts better than backwards or longers or random

46
Q

What is the type of gas that forms from a substance normally solid or liquid at room temp.

A

Vapor

47
Q
A
48
Q
A

Preventive Medicine (11 decks)

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