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anatomy > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullaris

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2
Q

What is the filum terminale ?

A

Extension of meninges.

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3
Q

What are the five sections of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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4
Q

What are the gray matter regions? (3 horns)

A

posterior horn- sensory (coming in)
anterior horn- motor (going out)
lateral horn- autonomic

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5
Q

How many cranial nerves exit directly from the brain

A

there are 12 cranial nerves

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6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves come off he spinal cord. How many from each part of the spinal cord.

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

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7
Q

What do plexuses do ?

A

spread info so we aren’t relying on one pathway

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8
Q

What does your Phrenic Nerve do ?

A

Innervates the diaphragm

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9
Q

What is CN1 and what does it do?

A

CN1- Olfactory
All sensory. Found resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bones

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10
Q

What do fascicles of olfactory nerves do ?

A

Fascicles pick up scents .

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11
Q

What is CN2 and function

A

CN2/ Optic
All sensory. Found on the underside of the cerebrum in an X formation

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12
Q

What is CN3 and function?

A

CN3/ Oculomotor
All motor. runs from midbrain to the muscles surrounding the eye.

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13
Q

What is CN4 and function?

A

CN4/Trochlear
All motor. Runs from midbrain to the superior muscle of the eye

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14
Q

What is CN5 and function? Where does it originate?

A

CN5/ Trigeminal
Motor and Sensory.
Has 3 branches
- 1 and 2 are sensory for the face
- 3 has sensory and motor for chewing muscles
Originates in pons

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15
Q

What is CN6 and function?

A

CN6/Abducens
Motor only. Originates in pons runs to lateral muscle of the eye

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16
Q

What is CN7 and function? Origination

A

CN7/ Facial
Motor and Sensory. Origination in pons, has 5 branches. Provides motor for facial expression, secreting tears and saliva; sensory for taste.

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17
Q

What is CN8 and function?

A

CN8/Vestibulocochlear
Sensory only. Found within the inner ear (hearing)

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18
Q

What is CN9 and function? Originates ?

A

CN9/ Glossopharyngeal
Motor and sensory. Originates in the medulla and runs to the carotid body, pharynx and tongue

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19
Q

What is CN10 and function? Originates ?

A

CN10/ Vagus
Motor and Sensory. Originates in the medulla and innervates most abdominal cavity organs.

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20
Q

What is CN11 and function/originates ?

A

CN11/ Accessory.
Mostly motor function. Originates in the medulla and innervates SCM and trapezius.

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21
Q

What is CN12 and function/originates?

A

CN12/ Hypoglossal (tongue)
Motor only. Originates in the medulla and innervates the tongue.

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22
Q

Define Foramen and Facet

A

Foramen: hole
Facet: a smooth flat or nearly flat anatomical surface of a bone

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23
Q

Define Skull bones: Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, vomer

A

Sphenoid: covers entire width of skull
Ethmoid and Lacrimal: eye socket bones
Nasal Bone: bony bridge of nose
Zygomatic bone: cheek bone/ outer eye socket
Maxilla: upper mouth
Mandible: jaw
Vomer: nasal septum

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24
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A

Maxilla and Palatine bone (furthest part of roof of mouth)

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25
Q

What is the occipital condyle?

A

Allows for articulation between C1 and skull

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26
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

Where the brainstem/spinal cord exiting.

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27
Q

What is the Nasopharynx?

A

Connection between ear and nose (sinus)

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28
Q

What are the two areas of the sphenoid bone/function? Special middle bone?

A

Lesser (middle) and Greater wing (ends).
Lesser: makes up most of the rear of the eye orbits.
Greater: contributes to the sides of the skull in the area you might call your temples. contributes to the cranial floor
Sella turcica holds and protects pituitary gland

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29
Q

What does the nasal conchae do and where?

A

Nasal conchae, on the ethmoid bone, warms air as it flows in through the nose, also helps in spreading odor molecules.

30
Q

What are the Lacrimal Bones?

A

Lacrimal bones forms the lower medial portion of the orbit. Inner corner of eye and where tear ducts are located

31
Q

What are Nasal bones?

A

Nasal bones form the upper surface of the nose “glasses rest”

32
Q

What are sinuses? Name the 4

A

Sinuses are usually air-filled chambers
Help warm and moisturize the air we breath in
Adds resonance to voice (bass in voice)
Enhance olfaction

Frontal, Sphenoid, Maxillary, Ethmoid sinuses

33
Q

How many vertebrae are there in each of the five sections of the spine?

A

Atlas(C1) Axis(C2)- C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
Sacrum(S1-S5)
Coccyx

34
Q

What are the types of vertebral facets?

A

Articulating facets: one vertebra meets another vertebra
Costal Facets: vertebra meets rib)

35
Q

Features of Vertebral Arch

A

-Protects spinal cord
-composed of Pedicles and Laminae
- Articular processes sit on the pedicles/between pedicles and laminae

36
Q

In what views can you see the vertebral foramen and intervertebral foramen?

A

Vertebral foramen is seen from a superior or inferior view

Intervertebral foramen is seen from a lateral view and is the passageway for the spinal nerves.

37
Q

What does the transverse foramina do ?

A

Protect arteries leading to the brain’s arterial anastomosis.

38
Q

What is unique about the Atlas (C1)

A

there is no body, large foramen where axis dens enters.
-its superior articular facet articulate with the occipital bone at the occipital condyles.

39
Q

What are Annulus fibrosus?

A

Rings of collagen fibers for weight-bearing resiliency. Does not change much over lifespan. Outside layer inner vertebrae.

40
Q

What are Nucleus Pulposus?

A

Watery cartilage semi-fluid ball-bearing adds shock-absorption and height. Becomes thinner and loses water content

41
Q

What are Anterior Longitudinal Ligaments?

A

Broad, flat sheet that covers the anterior and lateral sides of the vertebral bodies. It extends from foramen magnum down to the sacrum. Runs length of spine

42
Q

What is the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament?

A

Runs within the vertebral canal along the posterior side of the bodies. On Anterior aspect of vertebral canal.

43
Q

What is Ligamentum Flavum?

A

A highly elastic ligament that extends from the lamina of one vertebra to the lamina of its superior vertebra. Makes up the posterior wall of the vertebral canal.

44
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

The base of the skull where the supraspinous ligament merges.

45
Q

Where/what is the Frontalis?

A

Forehead muscle: Raises eyebrow

46
Q

Where/what is the Orbicularis Oculi?

A

Around the eye sockets: contracts when squeezing shut

47
Q

Where/what are the Zygomaticus major and minor

A

Above mouth/towards eyes: Smile/frown muscles

48
Q

Where/what are the Orbicularis Oris?

A

Muscles around mouth. Change shape of mouth opening.

49
Q

Where/what are the Buccinator?

A

Underlying cheek: pulls cheek to teeth while chewing.

50
Q

Where/what is the Platysma?

A

Superficial muscle of the neck: Assists in making facial expressions.

51
Q

How are the Frontalis and Occipitalis connected?

A

They share a tendon, when one moves so does the other. Together they are called occipitofrontalis.

52
Q

How are genuine smiles different from fake smiles?

A

Genuine smiles involve both Zygomaticus major and Orbicularis Oculi.

Fake smiles involve Zygomaticus major only.

53
Q

What/Where is the Masseter muscle?

A

Outer side of jaw. Pulls mandible up while chewing.

54
Q

What/where is the SCM.

A

Sterno-clydo-mastoid
Allows for ipsilateral contraction and contralateral rotation.
Goes from behind the ear towards sternum.

55
Q

What are the three Nerves off the Trigeminal Nerve and their functions?

A

Ophthalmic (V1): above eyes (sensory)
Maxillary (V2): upper lip and cheek (sensory)
Mandibular (V3): motor to muscles of mastication. sensory branches to lower jaw and side of face in front of ears.

56
Q

What is CNVII and its function?

A

Facial nerve: motor supply to muscles of facial expression. Damage here leads to Bell’s Palsy.

57
Q

What is CNXI and its function?

A

Spinal Accessory
Cranial: Pharynx, Larynx, esophagus, soft palate.
Spinal: SCM, Trapezius

58
Q

What is the Temporomandibular Joint?

A

TMJ, Modified hinge synovial joint.
Formed by the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible.

Articular fibrocartilaginous disk divides joint into two joint.

59
Q

What are the two joints of the TMJ?

A

Upper: disk glides along temporal bone

Lower: condyle of mandible rotates on disk.

60
Q

What are the four muscles that act on the TMJ ?

A
  1. Temporalis
  2. Masseter
  3. Medial Pterygoid
  4. Lateral Pterygoid
61
Q

What movements can the TMJ do?

A

Elevation (closing mouth)
Depression (open mouth)
Protrusion (chin out)
Retrusion (chin back)
All Lateral Movements

62
Q

What are the four superficial muscles of the back?

A

Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid major and minor

63
Q

What are the Splenius muscles and what do they do ?

A

Splenius capitus and Splenius cervicis
- splenius muscles work together to extend the neck and head.
- they can work independently for lateral flexion and rotation

64
Q

What three muscles make up the erector spinae group (Lateral to Medial)

A

iliocostalis-longissimus-spinalis
Primary extensors of the back

65
Q

What are the five portions of the Pharynx and their locations?

A

Nasopharynx- behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx- behind oral cavity
Laryngopharynx- shared space, separates into esophagus and larynx.
Esophagus- for food/water, posterior
Larynx- air tube, anterior

66
Q

What muscles are involved with carotid/jugular vessels and lymph nodes?

A

Muscles of the neck create pressure changes that help drive fluid flow against gravity.

67
Q

What are the four Suprahyoid muscles and their function.

A

Mylohyoid-Geniohyoid-Digastric-Stylohyoid

These muscles assist in opening the mouth, swallowing, and speech production.

68
Q

What are the four Infrahyoid muscles and their function?

A

Sternohyoid- Sternothyroid- Thyrohyoid- Omohyoid

These muscles originate on the sternum and insert on the hyoid or thyroid cartilage and pull the hyoid down during swallowing and assist in speech production.

69
Q

What do the Scalenes do ?

A

Elevate the first/second rib during inhalation
Flex neck laterally

70
Q

What is the important function of the Epiglottis and Vestibular folds?

A

epiglottis- Shuts off airway when swallowing food by folding over larynx

vestibular folds- superior to vocal folds, highly sensitive, sensation triggers coughing

71
Q

How do vocal folds effect pitch and volume ?

A

Pitch- stretch the vocal folds taut to make higher pitched sounds. Relax the vocal fold to make lower pitched sounds

Volume- more air moving through the vocal folds makes sound louder. Less air is quiet

72
Q

How do vocal fold length, size, and tension determine pitch ?

A

Long fold, thicker fold, lower tension: lower pitch

Shorter fold, thinner fold, high tension: higher pitch

anatomy (14 decks)

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