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BIO 232 > Week 1 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 1 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Identify three types of neurons of the Nervous System

A

Afferent - PNS
Efferent - PNS
Interneurons - CNS

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2
Q

What type of neuron are sensory neurons

A

Afferent

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3
Q

What type of neurons are motor commands

A

Efferent

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4
Q

What are the two types of neurons in the PNS

A

Afferent
Efferent

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5
Q

What is the neuron that is in the CNS

A

Interneuron

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6
Q

What is Afferent neurons role?

A

*Sensory
*Receive Incoming information
*Internal & External
*needs to be processed at the brain

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7
Q

What is Efferent neurons role?

A

*Send out motor commands
*Action Potential -motor output
* Effector organs

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8
Q

What is Interneuron/Association neurons role?

A
  1. Connection
  2. Integration
  3. Make sense of information going to the brain
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9
Q

Reflexes use…

A

excitatory and inhibitory

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10
Q

Divisions of the NS

A

CNS
PNS

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11
Q

Role of the CNS

A

Integrative Control Center

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12
Q

Where is the CNS located?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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13
Q

Where is the PNS located?

A

Everything else except the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS

A

Afferent Division
Efferent Division

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15
Q

What are the branches of the Efferent Division

A

Somatic NS
ANS

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16
Q

What are the branches of the ANS

A

Sympathetic NS - fight or flight
Parasympathetic NS - rest & digest

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17
Q

Afferent division of PNS

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Pathway bringing info to CNS
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18
Q

Efferent division of PNS

A
  1. Motor
  2. sending commands to peripheral structures
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19
Q

Somatic NS role

A

Voluntary motor output
Reflexes
Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Autonomic NS role

A

involuntary motor output

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21
Q

Two cell types

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

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22
Q

What are neurons

A

excitable cells
sensory & afferent

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23
Q

What are neuroglia cells

A

Supporting cells

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24
Q

4 types of neuroglia cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Schwann cells
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25
Q

Which type of Neuroglia cells belongs to the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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26
Q

Special characteristics of Neurons?

A
  1. Long-lived
  2. Amitotic - no cell division
  3. high metabolic rate
  4. Plasma membrane function
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27
Q

What are the basic parts of the neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon Hillock
  4. Axon
  5. Myelin Sheath
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28
Q

What part of the neuron integrates information?

A

cell body

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29
Q

What parts of the neurons do incoming signals come into?

A

Dendrites & cell body

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30
Q

Where does the action potential travel

A

Axon

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31
Q

What is the long extension out from the cell body to the next cell

A

Axon

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32
Q

Cell that creates myelin in CNS only

A

Oligodendrocytes
Only part of it wraps around an axon

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33
Q

What is a feature unique to Schwann cells?

A

Neurilemma - a bump as you roll Myelin - think pigs in a blanket

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34
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Myelin Sheath gaps in between Schwann cells

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35
Q

What ions are at the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Na+ & K+

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36
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Jumps from Node to Node for faster signaling

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37
Q

What are the most abundant glial cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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38
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A
  1. BBB
  2. Control Chemical environment
  3. form tight junctions
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39
Q

Neurons role

A

Signaling system in and out

40
Q

Ependymal Cells role

A
  1. Lining cavities of CNS
  2. Cilia moves CSF past stationary cells
41
Q

What cells belong to the PNS?

A

Neurons
Schwann cells

42
Q

What cells belong to the CNS

A

Epyndemal cells
Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

43
Q

What cells belong to both PNS and CNS

A

Neurons

44
Q

Schwann Cells role

A

Speed signal travel

45
Q

Oligodendrocyte role

A

Speed Signal travel

46
Q

What is the difference between Oligodendrocyte and Schwann cells

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes only wrap myelin around part of the axon
  2. Oligodendrocytes do not have a neurilemma - bump
47
Q

Permeability

A

Whether or not it can get across the membrane

48
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV
* more Na+ and Cl- ions outside the cell
* more K+ and anionic proteins in the cell

49
Q

How is resting membrane potential maintained?

A

Na+/K+ pump

50
Q

What is threshold

A

-55mV

51
Q

What is the location where an threshold needs to be met before an action potential happens?

A

Axon Hillock

52
Q

Changing membrane potential - DEPOLARIZATION

A
  1. Becomes less negative
  2. increase likelihood of AP
  3. positive ions enter cell bringing closer to threshold -55mV
53
Q

Changing membrane potential - HYPERPOLARIZATION

A
  1. Becomes more negative
  2. decrease likelihood of AP
  3. getting further away from baseline of -70mV
54
Q

Changing membrane potential - ACTION POTENTIAL

A
  1. stimulus
  2. threshold met -55mV
  3. NA+ channels open
  4. Spike to +30mV - Depolarization occurs
  5. Na+ close
  6. K+ channels open
  7. Repolarization occurs
  8. Back to baseline -70mV
  9. Hyperpolarization occurs
  10. Na+/K+ pumps bring back to baseline -70mV
    which resets to resting membrane
55
Q

Two main types of ion channels

A

Leak channels
Gated Channels

56
Q

Three types of gated channels

A
  1. Chemically gated
  2. Voltage gated
  3. Mechanically gated (auditory example)
57
Q

How to open a chemical gate

A
  1. Chemical has to bind to receptor to open gate
  2. Specificity - one shape one job
58
Q

How to open a Voltage-gated channel

A

If Na+ rushes in -
Changes the voltage
Na+ channels open on the axon where voltage change occurs

59
Q

What are two types of signals

A
  1. Graded Potential
  2. Action Potential
60
Q

Describe Action Potentials and location

A
  1. Outgoing signals down the axon
  2. maintains signal whole time - on/off
  3. long distance signals of axons
  4. Voltage change -70mV to +30mV
  5. occurs in nerves and muscles
61
Q

Describe Graded Potentials and location

A
  1. found on cell body and dendrites
  2. incoming short signals
  3. Spread and lose signal strength
  4. They travel to the Axon Hillock
  5. Need significant strength to make threshold at axon hillock -55mV
62
Q

Which gate is fast?

A

Sodium

63
Q

Which gate is slow?

A

Potassium

64
Q

What ions are critical in NS transmissions?

A

Na
K
Ca

65
Q

What triggers neurotransmitter release?

A

Calcium influx

66
Q

Electrical Synapses

A
  1. less common
  2. Gap Junctions in Heart and developmental
  3. Communication is very rapid
  4. important in embryonic nervous tissue and some brain regions
67
Q

Chemical Synapses

A
  1. Direct relationship between 1st and 2nd cell - 2. Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter
  2. postsynaptic have receptors specific to neurotransmitter
68
Q

Two types of Graded POSTSYNAPTIC potentials

A

EPSP. (Na+. K+)
IPSP. (K+. Cl-)

69
Q

A single EPSP cannot…

A
  1. induce an action potential
  2. EPSP required to add together - SUMMATE - in order to illicit an AP
70
Q

EPSP causes

A
  1. Depolarization =
    Na+ influx –> K+ efflux
  2. Na and K flow in opposite direction
71
Q

IPSP causes

A
  1. Hyperpolarization
  2. Opens channels for K+ and Cl-
  3. inhibits
72
Q

What ions and what direction do they move in EPSP?

A
  1. Na+ = travels into neuron
  2. K+ =travels out of neuron
73
Q

What ions and what direction do they move in IPSP?

A
  1. K+ = leaves the neuron
  2. Cl- = enters the neuron
74
Q

How do EPSPs reach threshold?

A

Summation

75
Q

Temporal Summation

A
  1. one or more presynaptic neuron transmit rapid impulses
  2. Repeated fire close in time
  3. Single cell fire rapidly
  4. Cells fire together repeatedly
76
Q

Spatial Summation

A

2 different locations fire at the same time

77
Q

What are forms of membrane channels found on neurons or in the nervous system

A

Leak channels
Gated Channels

78
Q

How do we code signal intensity in the nervous system?

A

The CNS determines stimulus intensity by the frequency of impulses.

How many AP did you send? 1 or 100

79
Q

How do we slow the signal travel in the neuron?

A
  1. Non-myelination
  2. Smaller diameter of axon
80
Q

How do we speed the signal travel in the neuron?

A
  1. Myelination
  2. Thicker diameter of axon and myelin sheath
81
Q

What is Saltatory Conduction?

A
  1. AP signal jumps from node to node
  2. Myelin sheath on axon
  3. Voltage gate Na+ channels only located at the nodes
  4. A pattern of conduction when myelinated and is 30x faster
  5. Faster process
82
Q

What is Continuous Conduction?

A
  1. Non-myelinated axons
  2. slower process
  3. Have voltage channels that are evenly spaced
83
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A
  1. Initial part of sending AP now
  2. First phase from depolarization to repolarization
  3. from opening of Na+ channels
  4. closing of Na+ channels
  5. Opening of K+ channels
  6. K+ leaves
  7. One way transmission
  8. AP is all or. nothing event
    Period of repolarization of the neurons during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus
84
Q

What is Refractory period?

A
  1. Phase immediately following Absolute refractory period
  2. Repolarization is occurring
  3. K+ channels finishing up
  4. Repolarization phase
  5. Goes into Hyperpolarization
  6. Na+ / K+ pumps kick in to reset te resting membrane potential
  7. Threshold for AP generation is elevated
  8. Exceptionally strong stimulus may generate an AP
85
Q

Why do Absolute refractory period and relative refractory period matter in the NS?

A

They wouldn’t be able to return to its resting membrane potential & generate new impulse

86
Q

What ion is the chief intracellular ion in a resting neuron?

A

Potassium

87
Q

Depolarization is –

A

State in which resting membrane potential is reversed as sodium ions rush in to the neuron

88
Q

Absolute refractory period is –

A

the period of repolarization of the neurons during which it cannot respond to a second stimulus

89
Q

Na+ / K+ pump is a process –

A

by which ATP is used to move 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in the cell to restore resting membrane potential

90
Q

Direct Action - Relationship

A
  1. Chemical released
  2. need receptor to bind
  3. gates open ion channels

Example - Neuromuscular Junction

91
Q

What happens during Direct Action?

A
  1. Binds to gate - gate opens
  2. Promotes rapid response
  3. Polarization change
92
Q

Indirect Action - Relationship

A
  1. Chemical released
  2. Receptor only activates if NT binds
  3. causes an action @ enzyme
  4. either - excitatory or inhibitory

Not a guaranteed pattern

Case study TTX- Tetanus - goes after Na+ channels

Promotes long-lasting effects

93
Q

What happens during Indirect Action?

A
  1. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor
  2. Activated by G proteins
  3. 2nd messengers
  4. complex
94
Q

Diverging Circuit

A

Common in Sensory and Motor Systems

  1. One to Many
  2. signal out - better processing
95
Q

Converging Circuit

A

Common in Sensory and Motor Systems

  1. Many to One
96
Q

Reciprocal Inhibition

A

REFLEXES

Excite one / inhibit another

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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