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BIO 232 > Week 9 - Study Guide > Flashcards

Week 9 - Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Cardiac Output

A

blood pumped by the ventricle in one minute (minute volume)

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2
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output

A

CO = (SV)(HR)

(ml/min) = (ml/beat)(bpm)

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3
Q

Average heart rate

A

75 bpm

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4
Q

Stroke Volume is

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle with each heart beat

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5
Q

Stroke Volume =

A

average 70 ml/beats

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6
Q

what is the AVG CO =

A

5.35 L/min

for every minute = is nearly the entire blood volume of the body

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7
Q

Total Blood volume =

A

5.5 L

Each ventricle pumps equivalent of total blood volume/minute at rest

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8
Q

Cardiac Reserve =

A

difference between CO at rest and all-out work

which is allowing us to understand that there is a normal resting cardiacoutput
AND
a large reserve capacity allowing us to increase our activity quite a bit

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9
Q

Exercise CO =

A

14-20 L/min

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10
Q

Hemorrhage CO =

A

1.5 L/min

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11
Q

Elite Athletes CO =

A

30 L/min

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12
Q

Contraction phase

A

Systole
pumped volume

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13
Q

Relaxation phase

A

Diastole
filled volume

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14
Q

Formula for Stroke Volume (SV) =

A

SV = EDV - ESV

when ventricles are full = EDV
when ventricles pump = ESV
SV is the difference

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15
Q

Dicrotic Notch

A

closure of the aortic semilunar valve causes temporary increase pressure

blood briefly backflow against the valve.

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16
Q

Which contraction is the biggest pressure change?

A

Left ventricular contraction

which alters Left atria and aortic pressure

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17
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

Better fill = Better pumping

Amount of stretching in ventricle prior to contraction

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18
Q

Factors affecting stroke volume

A
  1. Frank-Starling Law
  2. Sympathetic nerve activity
  3. Venous return (determines and influences the EDV)
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19
Q

What do you want in cardiac muscle in regards to sarcomere length?

A

Want the most stretching, the greatest filling that you can - in order to create the greatest pumping efficiency

The more you stretch - the better the contractile strength.

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20
Q

Preload

A

filling or stretching of the ventricles - creating the strength of their contractions

for heart to be effective, preload has to be greater than afterload

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21
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure in the artery that the heart has to contract against.

is pressure in vessels applied to backside of semilunar valve,

Has to pump against back pressure of semilunar valves for things like hardening of the arteries, etc.

22
Q

Increasing afterload =

A

decreased SV

increased ESV

23
Q

Sympathetic enhances contractility and relaxation by

A

enhancing Ca2+ movements

24
Q

When you are stressed you need more blood which means

A

Stroke volume rises

25
Q

Norepinephrine does what

A

speeds things up

26
Q

Norepinephrine Release has 3 main effects

A
  1. Makes pacemaker speed up (SA node)
  2. Heart beats faster, pause is shorter – decreases conduction time through AV node
  3. heart more reactive - effective pump - gap junctions. increases excitability of entire heart
27
Q

ACH release does what?

A
  1. Vagus nerve stimulates the heart
  2. Decreases heart rate

Vagus nerve input is going to slow down the heart - because that is the parasympathetic signal.

28
Q

Preload > Afterload

A

your ventricles will be able to pump blood effectively out to the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.

Pumping blood out of the heart

29
Q

Preload = Afterload

A

your ventricle does not have sufficient pressure to overcome the afterload

so- the semilunar valves are not open

30
Q

Preload < Afterload

A

Not able to open the semilunar valve.
Probably be pushing blood backward.

Making sure that any blood that is trying to enter the ventricles is actually backing up

31
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

What are the average adult values?

A

CO = (HR)(SV)

5.25 L/min = (70 mL/beat)(75 bpm)

32
Q

EDV

A

End Diastolic Value

(Volume of blood in ventricle, right before it contracts, i.e. how full it is)

33
Q

ESV

A

End Systolic Value

(volume of blood in ventricle left over right after it contracts. i.e. indicates how much blood was pumped

34
Q

Another way to describe preload and afterload

A

preload is stretch
afterload is the opposition the heart works against

35
Q

Syncope

A

pass out

36
Q

Venous return

A

summary of all the things that help to assure wherever the blood is in the body’s system - that it will make it back to the heart to keep the cycle going.

Heart cannot pump what it does not receive

37
Q

Return of blood to the heart influences –

A

stroke volume

38
Q

Influencing factors of stroke volume

A
  1. Total Blood volume
  2. Venous pressure
  3. Breathing
39
Q

EDV dependent on Venous retrun. Did the blood from the veins get back to the heart.

Factors that influence this?

A

BLOOD VOLUME (BV)

  1. BV goes up when you pee more. that fluid is no longer in the bloodstream (an inverse relationship)

As urine volume goes up - blood volume goes down
meaning - if you BV is down - Venous return will. be down.

TISSUE FLUID VOLUME
1. Edema (build-up of fluids in the tissues) would cause a blood volume decrease
2. which would then cause a venous return decrease.

40
Q

Venous return is inversely related to

A
  1. urine output
  2. tissue fluid volume

more urine volume = less BV
more tissue fluid = less BV

41
Q

What keeps the blood clean and creates urine? (filter)

A

Kidneys

20% of heart beat foes to kidneys to filter

42
Q

Build-up of fluid in the tissues

A

Edema

43
Q

What happens to the pressure the farther you get away from the heart?

A

the more the pressure drops

44
Q

Venoconstriction

A

The SNS can constrict the muscle in the vein to increase a little bit of pressure to push blood from the vein back to the heart.

45
Q

Skeletal Muscle Pump

A

About you voluntarily moving and pushing blood back to your heart.

One of the reasons it is important to move around to keep your blood from being stuck in your periphery.

46
Q

Negative interthoracic pressure - Breathing

A
  1. Ribs will be pushed out
  2. Diaphragm contracts and pushes downward
  3. Causing a pressure gradient

meaning - the pressure in the thoracic cage - actually falls because your diaphragm contracts and pushes down on the abdomen.

Meaning - the abdomen has a higher pressure than the thoracic activity.

pressure gradient

If there is HIGH pressure in the abdomen and LOW pressure in the thoracic cage - BLOOD wants to go from the abdomen back to the heart.

REMEMBER
1. Blood wants to go from High pressure to Low pressure

47
Q

How does this impact venous return?

Breathing

A

Good for Venous return

Blood wants to for from high pressure to low pressure

48
Q

How does this impact venous return?

Urine volume

A

urine volume up
venous pressure low

49
Q

How does this impact venous return?

Skeletal muscle activity

A

skeletal muscle activity up
Venous goes up

50
Q

How does this impact venous return?

Edema

A

Edema goes up
Venous pressure goes down
Blood volume goes down

51
Q

How does this impact venous return?

Sympathetic Activity

A

Sympathetic Activity goes up
Everything goes up

52
Q
A

BIO 232 (63 decks)

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