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Social Psychology > Current Issues > Flashcards

Current Issues Flashcards

1
Q

What was Allport referring to when he said:

“The scientific investigation of how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others”?

A

Social Psychology

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2
Q

What are the 2 main types of Human Behaviour?

A

Overt (driving, fighting)

More subtle (non verbal behaviour, body language)

Meaning attached to behaviour is a matter of perspective

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3
Q

Social Behaviour includes…

A

Feelings, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, intentions and goals:

Brain has Underlying processes
-> cognitive processes
-> neuro-chemical processes

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4
Q

Social psychological trends
Historically:

A

Historically:
Folk psychology

Collective mind (Le Bon, 1895):
Societal way of thinking and group mind (crowds)

Tarde (1898) –
Bottom up approach (no prior knowledge)

Durkheim –
Social laws determined by society

Allport (1924) –
Experimental social psychology

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5
Q

Social psychological trends
Used in the US Field:

A

US – leaders in field:
Political drivers
(fascism in Europe)
European centres re-established (cold war USA vs Soviet Union)

European focus on groups and inter-group behaviour

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6
Q

Models and concepts of social change focus on individuals and behavioural choices but ignores…

A

Context.

Policy makers have no guidance on policy.
Does not consider societal transformation

Practice theory

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7
Q

The ABC (Attitudes, Behaviours, Choices critique) is bad because…

A

It’s an overly simplistic portrayal of social psychological models

Sociological approach NOT useful for practical solutions

Individuals should be part of the solution alongside policy and social change, thus Separation of disciplinary perspectives is unhelpful.

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8
Q

Hypotheses are formed on the basis of…

A

Theory; social phenomenon; event:

(eg-a cyclist is quicker if racing than solitary)

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9
Q

What can/can’t Empirical tests do in relation to hypotheses?

A

Can falsify
but not prove, hypotheses

Science must be falsifiable
(Popper)

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10
Q

Why is Methodological pluralism important?

A

It minimises possibility that finding an artifact of method

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11
Q

Methodological issues:
Lab based experiments

A

Avoids confounds
-other factors vary in line with IV

-low in external validity
-but high in internal validity

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12
Q

Methodological issues:
Field experiments

A

-Less control over variables -Random assignment is difficult

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12
Q

Methodological issues:
Archival research / Secondary analysis of data includes
Case studies:

A

Unusual or rare phenomena
– leads to
hypothesis development

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13
Q

Methodological issues:
Focus groups; interviews; surveys can have response sets that are…

A

Purposeful or Unintentional

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of sensitivity?

A

Threat of disclosure:
Costs of potential disclosure

Social desirability:
Adhere to social norms

Intrusiveness:
Topics perceived as private or taboo

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15
Q

Humans tend to
Maximise social approval and avoid dismissive reactions by…

A

Impression management
Likelihood of truth
Self-deception

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16
Q

When asking sensitive questions, what must psychologists do?

A

Adjust research settings,
(no people/ minimise presence of interviewer)

Non-threatening question wording

Assurance of data protection/ confidentiality

‘Bogus pipeline’ procedure
(fake polygraph/ lie detector used to reduce false answers when collecting self-report data.
It makes participants believe that the experimenter can access their true attitudes)

Anonymous response techniques

17
Q

Research Ethics:
Needs approval from local ethics committee.

What else needs to be evaluated?

A

Risk- primarily welfare of p:
Harmful procedures, long-term effects.

Valid Consent:
Study info, written consent, withdraw at any point.

Rewards should be appropriate.

Hawthorne (observer) Effect
(P may change behaviour when being watched)

Confidentiality:
anonymity, reporting, destruction of data.

18
Q

Deception must try and…

A

NOT cause harm

Produce a significant contribution to science

More naive p -> 50-75%

19
Q

Debriefing must explain…

A

Rationale/context of study

justify deception, leave without effects

Possible mood induction/ Investigation of stressful experiences

20
Q

What 2 main subdivisions are there in Behaviourism?

(Behaviour associated with positive situations or outcomes is increased)

A

Classical conditioning
(Pavlov, 1927).

Operant conditioning (Skinner, 1938; 1958).

21
Q

Neo-behaviourism includes?

A

Includes beliefs, feelings, motives.

22
Q

What is it called when we imitate behaviour that is reinforced in others
(Bandura & Walters, 1977).

Exaggerate extent to which people are passive to the situation?

A

Social Modelling

23
Q

Which approach involves us actively interpret and changing our environment through our thought; cognitive processes; representations?

A

Cognitive Psychology
(Miller, 2003; Sperry, 1993)

24
Q

Origins in Gestalt theory believe?
(Koffka, 1935):

A

Perception is different from what is.

25
Q

What is currently dominant and involves cognitive processes and representations are constructed and influence behaviour?

(attitudes, dual process models, schemas)

A

Social Cognition

26
Q

Evolutionary Social Psychology is based on?

A

Based on general evolutionary psychology and Darwinian theory.

27
Q

Evolutionary Social Psychology explains that useful traits can help us?

A

Adapt-
Developed through natural selection

Same for complex social behaviours:
those that have survival value, e.g. cooperative, aggression, will be passed on.

however, genes can’t account for all the complexity of human behaviour!

28
Q

Which approach states that our behaviour depends upon having:
-individual differences
-characteristics?

A

Personality (individualistic)
Theory

29
Q

Which approach argues that people INTERNALLY represent socially constructed group norms influencing behaviour?

Give an example of a Perspective (SIP):

A

Collectivist approach

In contrast with personality theories as top down from group to individual

Social Identity Perspective.
(do individuals think of themselves as individuals or as group members, this identity becomes more important than their identity as an individual)

30
Q

Psychological processes happen in the brain and therefore must be associated with electro-chemical brain activity.

What sector is this statement referring to?

A

Neuroscience and biochemistry

31
Q

Which approach overly reduces the complexity of an issue?

A

Reductionism

32
Q

Which approach explains a phenomena with language and concepts at an overly low level of analysis, e.g. society in terms of groups, cognition in terms of neuropsychology?

A

Reductionism

33
Q

Which approach accepts the existence of different levels of explanation?

A

Reductionism

It should also focus on constructing theories that formally integrate concepts from the different levels

34
Q

Which approach devalues and ignores subjective and introspective data.

A

Positivism

34
Q

Which approach is classed as an uncritical acceptance of scientific method?

A

Positivism

34
Q

Statistical developments help detect what in Psychology?

A

To detect fraudulent data

35
Q

Some Psychologists may result in the data being fraudulent due to:

A

Fabrication of data

Cherry picking

Data snooping

‘Hark-ing’ (hypothesising after results are known)

35
Q

How do Positivists deal with studying humans without being biased?

A

by employing rigorous scientific methods and theorising:

e.g.
-operational definitions
-defining theoretical constructs
allowing measurement /re-testing

36
Q

Why might Psychologists mess with or fabricate the data?

A

Overburdened reviewers.
Positive publication bias.
Benefits outweigh risks.

37
Q

Open science may be difficult as…

A

It is time-consuming and
still relies on honest reporting

38
Q

Quick reminder

A

your doing great!

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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