Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Psychology > Social Cognition > Flashcards

Social Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is social cognition?

A

Judgements, representations expectations that influence our beliefs, intentions and behaviour.

Assumes a rational, reasoned decision maker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

way of simplifying perceptions

Grouping of objects

Promotes cognitive economy

A

Categorisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adopt cognitive ‘short-cuts’.
Preserve ‘cognitive economy’

A

Cognitive misers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Categorisation has a rule-based approach:
discuss problems with this

(Bruner et al)

A

Every category represented by a set of features

Limitations
Can be hard to define rules sometimes.

People can disagree on rules.

Doesn’t account for poor category fit.
Black or white?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What approach can we use to categorise things?

A

Take the Prototypical approach:

Members share something in common - not complete identical

Prototype often average but sometimes most extreme,
(e.g. environmentalist)

Categories considered fuzzy sets centering around a prototype.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Categorisation fuzzy sets?

A

Categories are very ill-defined so it is very easy to cross over into other categories/ subdivisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What 3 approaches can we use to categorise things?

A

Prototype
Members share something in common but sets are fuzzy
or

Exemplar approach
Quintessential category members.
or

Associative networks:
Network of linked attributes activated through spreading activation.
(eg. put in a doctors nurses receptionists put into a category due to the association of health care)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Once categorised, what is invoked?

A

A schema
cognitive representation

People generalise in time and in space about objects characteristics and properties:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Schemas dependant on?

A

Dependent on individual’s personal experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 3 examples of schemas:

A

Role schema
Person schema
Scripts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Person schema

A

(individualised)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Scripts

A

(schemas about events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Once activated schemas influence information processing and inference. This is known as?

A

Conceptually driven processing

Schemas can be implicitly activated and affect judgement and behaviour:
Which schemas activated driven by salience, relevance, personal importance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role Schema

A

Schemas that dictate what you are expecting of the category label

(uni lecturer - schema expected them to teach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name the 3 dimensions of Entrepreneurship alertness schemata:

A

Scanning & search
Association & connection
Evaluation & judgement

The more cross cultural experience u have, the better decision making in your entrupanor context settings you are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scanning & search:

A

Persistent and unconventional in investigating new ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Association & connection:

A

Processing information in creative ways to make extensions in logic, consider possibilities and make unique connections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evaluation & judgement:

A

Is new information absorbed in a way that is relevant to the individuals own interests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Availability Heuristics

A

Info at the front of your mind

Judging frequency of event based on number of instances brought to ‘mind’ of that event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heuristics Representativeness

A

Whether person is an example of a particular stored schema

(Stereotype)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cognitive Misers

A

We rely on Heuristics to process info/ decision making (we are lazy)

22
Q

Attribution biases/ errors?

A

Mistakes of assigning causes to things
Eg- a reason for a car parked in between 2 parking spaces

23
Q

In attribution biases we want to make/assign?

A

Causal attributions:
We infer causes to predict and control the environment

24
Q

What 3 components form the Covariation model?

A

Consistency (often)
Consensus (everyone)
Distinctiveness (only in this setting)

How often do these factors correlate with each other?

25
Q

What 2 types of attributions can we make according to Heider?

A

Dispositional attribution
(internal)
– stable:
Personality characteristics, beliefs.

Situational attributions
(external)
– changeable:
Weather, other people.

26
Q

Covariation Model limitations:

A

People are poor at assessing covariation

Covariation is not causation!

False consensus bias (we overestimate how much others are like us in terms of shared values/ beliefs)

27
Q

Just world hypothesis?

A

Just world hypothesis-
poor people are poor because they do not work hard enough
bad things deserve to happen because they are bad people!

we are likely to believe we have control

28
Q

Attribution biases limitations:

A

Fundamental attribution error

Like to believe we have control – ‘Just world hypothesis’.

W.E.I.R.D phenomenon only study from these countries and leave out others who do not fit these criteria

29
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

People under-emphasize

Situational and Environmental explanations for their individual behavior

while over-emphasizing dispositional and personality-based explanations for others behaviour

30
Q

Attributional Biases:
Actor-observer effect

A

Tendency to make
dispositional attributions= others
situational attributions =ourselves

can be reversed via perspective taking.

31
Q

Self-serving bias:

A

Tendency to take credit
(make dispositional attributions) for successes
but not failures
(situational attributions).

Protects self esteem.

Also cognitive reasons – focus on own efforts and information.

32
Q

Ethnocentrism – in group serving bias:

A

Ultimate Attribution Error applied to groups

Cognitive reasons –
activates schemas, don’t think further
Motivational reasons –
social identity theory

33
Q

Social identity theory explains that we want to maintain?

A

A positive in-group identity at all times
positive self-esteem/value at all times

so we made decisions that amplify our own group at the expense of other groups

34
Q

measures of public feelings that don’t necessarily correspond to reality is known as?

A

Public perceptions

35
Q

Public Deficit Model

A

Relationships between perceptions and knowledge

-people have a deficit in knowledge about a topic

they don’t understand/
fall back on irrational beliefs
If people knew more (info) then they’d change their minds

36
Q

Public Deficit Model:
Name the factor analysis on attitudes towards different research areas:

A

Knowledge correlates positively with general attitudes moderately (R = 0.30).

Useful info
(socially relevant/practical)

Non-useful info (intrinsic interest but not necessarily useful)

Moral issues info
(genetic engineering)

37
Q

Public dialogue including people in the decision makings leads to?

A

A more likely chance of support and engagement with activity

-Driving activity forwards

38
Q

Public Risk Perception factors:
N vs M
C
V
F

A

Natural vs manmade – more acceptable if natural.

Controllability – more acceptable if controllable.

Voluntariness – voluntary risks perceived as more acceptable.

Familiarity – more acceptable if familiar.

39
Q

What 2 main dimensions is Risk Perception organised into?

A

1- Dread:
Uncontrollable,
Severe consequences,
Involuntary

2- Unknown:
Unobservable,
Unfamiliar,
Delayed effects

40
Q

What is the 3rd factor in Risk Association?

A

N# of people exposed to the risk

Dread risk is correlated with overall perceived risk

41
Q

Unnknown and dreaded risks both have a high signal potential. What does this mean?

A

The idea that a risk occurring would have further impacts beyond immediate shocks

(Global warming turns to using paper straws)

41
Q

Judgements of risk and benefit theorised to stem from an overall affective feeling about the behaviour is known as…

A

The affect heuristic

41
Q

Model of Psychological Distance
4 Main components:

A

Uncertainty
Social distance
Temporal distance
Geographical distance

41
Q

What does evolution explain about our psychological distance?

A

It developed humans capacity for abstract mental representation

allows us to perspective take plan for near future

42
Q

Sure/ maybe is an example of what time of psychological distance?

A

High/ low uncertainty

42
Q

Friend/ enemy is an example of what time of psychological distance?

A

High/ low socially distance

43
Q

Words that have Low uncertainty but close social distance are easier or harder to process?

(Maybe+ Friend)

A

Harder/ slower to process as they are incongruent

44
Q

What happens when 1 of
-Temporal
-Spatial
-Social Distance
-Uncertainty
is activated automatically?

A

Words were irrelevant to the task but still interfered with task performance

Manipulating 1 aspect of distance influences other aspects

45
Q

Lower Psychological Distance (closer you think the issue is to you) relates to greater of lesser concerns?

A

Greater concerns/ worry about the issue as we feel it is more immediate

Higher concerns related to Lower psychological distance= greater chance in change/ reducing problem

46
Q

What is the difference between Desirability and Feasibility concerns?

A

Desirability concerns:
high-level construals

Feasibility concerns are a low-level construals

so basically if we get people to think about issues in the “now” they are more likely to strike change

Social Psychology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions