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Earth Science > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the theory of uniformitarianism?

A

The present is the key to the past.

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2
Q

Who invented uniformitarianism?

A

James Hutton

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3
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Dating something relative to something else

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4
Q

What is radiometric dating?

A

Dating something in time

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5
Q

What are the 4 levels of division in the geometric time scale?

A

Eon -> Era -> Period -> Epoch

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6
Q

What are the 2 major eons in the geometric time scale?

A

Phanerozoic and Precambrian

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7
Q

What is the major change that happened between the 2 major eons?

A

A sudden abundance of fossils during the Phanerozoic eon

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8
Q

What was life during the Precambrian eon?

A

Sparse and simple

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9
Q

What was life during the Phanerozoic eon?

A

Diverse, complex, and abundant

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10
Q

What animals were present during the Paleozoic era?

A

Invertebrates, Amphibians, and Fish

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11
Q

What era was the age of mammals?

A

Cenozoic Era

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12
Q

What are fossils?

A

Remains or traces of past life

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13
Q

What two conditions must be met for a life form to be fossilized or preserved?

A

They must contain hard parts
They must have been rapidly buried

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14
Q

What are the ways an organism can be preserved?

A

It can be petrified (turn to stone)
It can be fossilized (replaced by mineral matter)
It can form a cast or mold (mold is when it is surrounded by something then decays, leaving only the thing that surrounded it; cast is the same but when the mold is then filled with sediment)

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15
Q

How can delicate organisms be preserved?

A

Carbonization (the liquid and gas is squeezed out of it, leaving only a thin carbon)
Impression (if the carbon fades away)
Amber (sap that contains stuff)

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16
Q

What are alternative fossils?

A

Coprolite (fossilized poop)
Gastrolith (preserved gizzard stones)
Fossilized footprints

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17
Q

What laws determine relative dating?

A

Superposition (oldest on top!)
Original Horizontality (they were originally horizontal)

18
Q

What is the principle of crosscutting relationships?

A

A fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks affected by it

19
Q

What are unconformities?

A

Gaps in time

20
Q

What is inclusion?

A

Stones present in another rock must be older than that rock

21
Q
  1. In the chart below, explain why Palestine was important to the people of each religion.
    Jews
A

Homeland of Hebrew ancestors

22
Q
  1. In the chart below, explain why Palestine was important to the people of each religion
    Christians
A

Birth and death of Jesus-place

23
Q
  1. In the chart below, explain why Palestine was important to the people of each religion
    Muslims
A

Site of key religious events in life of Muhammad

24
Q
  1. What role did the Byzantine Empire play in the Christian world in the eleventh century?
A

Heart of Orthodox Christianity

25
Q
  1. What action by a Byzantine emperor set the Crusades in motion?
A

Plea for help from Pope for defense against Seljuk Turks

26
Q
  1. What action did Pope Urban II take that initiated the First Crusade?
A

He called upon the people of Christendom to prepare for a holy war to protect Christians in the East and to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim Turks.

27
Q
  1. What two distinct types of people made up the ranks of the First Crusade?
A

Commoners and knights

28
Q
  1. Briefly describe what took place in the First Crusade.
A

Killing of Jews and Muslims, and retaking of Palestine

29
Q
  1. What were some of the negative effects of the Crusades in terms of the relationships between the following groups?
    MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS
A

They remained hostile to Christians

30
Q
  1. What were some of the negative effects of the Crusades in terms of the relationships between the following groups?
    JEWS AND CHRISTIANS
A

Christians and Jews were deeply divided

31
Q
  1. What were some of the negative effects of the Crusades in terms of the relationships between the following groups?
    EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANS
A

The Crusades aggravated the mistrust between eastern and western
Christians that had existed since the schism of 1054.

32
Q
  1. What institution kept learning alive in early medieval Europe?
A

Churches

33
Q
  1. In the early Middle Ages, most people could not read or write, but in the late Middle Ages, education was more widespread. What are some reasons that people of the late Middle Ages needed to be educated?
A

Educated officials needed for clerks and adminstrators; merchants and tradesmen needed to know read and write; wealthy families for knowledge in helping of family trade

34
Q
  1. How did universities originally develop?
A

Communities of scholars and students in cathedral towns organized into associations called universities

35
Q
  1. How did the school of thought called scholasticism come about, and what was its basis?
A

When Christians took back parts of Spain from the Muslims, many Latin translations of works by Greek philosophers made their way into cathedral libraries. Some Christian scholars attempted to reconcile Christian thought with Greek philosophy. They formed the school called scholasticism.

36
Q
  1. What was significant about Thomas Aquinas’s philosophy?
A

Aquinas used reason, logic, and Aristotle’s ideas to examine and affirm the existence of God

37
Q
  1. How did Roger Bacon anticipate modern scientific methods?
A

He believed that one had to experiment, observe, and collect data rather than just use abstract reasoning to find answers

38
Q
  1. In the Middle Ages, what types of documents were usually written in Latin?
A

legal documents and formal works

39
Q
  1. Define the term vernacular.
A

the native language of a place; the local language used in daily life

40
Q
  1. What work is considered one of the greatest medieval works of vernacular literature?
A

The Divine Comedy by Dante

41
Q
  1. In the chart below, describe some of the main characteristics of the two styles of medieval architecture.
    ROMANESQUE
A

Round Roman arches and huge Roman-style columns; shaped as a cross, meant to be a place of safety and worship; thick walls and dark inside

42
Q
  1. In the chart below, describe some of the main characteristics of the two styles of medieval architecture.
    GOTHIC
A

Steep pointed arches; tall spires and lofty towers, buttresses support; has large stained-glass windows

Earth Science (10 decks)

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