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BMB Test 2 > B7-039 Cerebellum > Flashcards

B7-039 Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

the cerebellar system modulates the output of the [….] tract via the thalamus

A

corticospinal

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2
Q

which cerebellar peduncle is mostly outputs?

A

superior

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3
Q

which cerebellar peduncle is mostly inputs from the cortex?

A

middle

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4
Q

which cerebellar peduncle is mostly inputs?

A

inferior

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5
Q

from lateral to medial name the 4 deep cerebellar nuclei

(source of cerebellar outputs)

A

dentate
emboliform
globose
fastigial

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6
Q

most prominent cell type in the cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cells

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7
Q

input to the cerebellar cortex is done via what cell type [2]

A

mossy fibers to granule cells
climbing fibers to purkinje cells

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8
Q

output from the cerebellar cortex is done via what cell type

A

purkinje cells send inhibitory fibers to the deep cerebellar nuclei

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9
Q

[…] cells form parallel fibers that have excitatory synapses with many purkinje cells

A

granule

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10
Q

lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum modulates

A

premotor area (motor planning)

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11
Q

intermediate zone of the cerebellum modulates what tracts?

A

lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts
(distal limb movement)

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12
Q

vermis of the cerebellum modulates

A

medial motor systems controlling posture and balance

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13
Q

flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum modulates

A

eye and head stabilization unit

(most primitive)

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14
Q

vestibulo-cerebellum includes what part of the cerebellum?

A

flocculonodular

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15
Q

the vestibulo-cerebellum modulates the […] tract

A

MLF

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16
Q

the spino-cerebellum includes what parts of the cerebullum? [2]

A

vermis
intermediate zone

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17
Q

inputs to the vermis of the spino-cerebellum [2]

A

spinocerebellar tracts
vestibular nucleus

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18
Q

the vermis of the spino-cerebellum goes though the […] nucleus to modulate medial motor systems

A

fastigial

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19
Q

unconscious proprioception and the activity of the anterior horn cells comes into the spino-cerebellum via the […] tract

A

spinocerebellar tract

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20
Q

the output target of the vermis

A

reticular formation

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21
Q

functions modulated by the vermis [2]

A

posture and balance

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22
Q

motor system modulated by the vermis

A

medial motor systems

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23
Q

input to the intermediate zone of the spino-cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar tracts

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24
Q

the intermediate zone of the spino-cerebellum goes though the […] nucleus to modulate lateral motor systems

A

interposed (emboliform+globus)

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25
Q

output targets of the intermediate zone [2]

A

red nucleus
VL thalamus

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26
Q

function modulated by the intermediate zone

A

ongoing distal limb movement

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27
Q

motor system modulated by the intermediate zone

A

lateral motor systems

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28
Q

the cerebro-cerebellum goes though the […] nucleus to modulate prefrontal motor systems

A

dentate

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29
Q

output targets of the cerebro-cerebellum [2]

A

red nucleus
VL thalamus

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30
Q

function modulated by the cerebro-cerebellum

A

planned motor movement

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31
Q

corticoponto-cerebellar fibers originate from

A

all areas of the cortex (but especially frontal)

then synapse with ipsilateral pontine nuclei

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32
Q

the cerebral cortex is wired […] to the cerebellum

A

contralateral

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33
Q

a lesion in the cerebellum will affect the […] limb

A

ipsilateral

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34
Q

a lesion in the cortex will affect the […] limb

A

contralateral

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35
Q

clinical manifestations of cerebellar lesions are […]

A

ipsilateral

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36
Q

what is meant by the cerebellum being a “feed forward” controller?

A

it evaluates sensory information to program the best set of instructions to accomplish the desired result in quick, minimal movements

(requires trial and error)

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37
Q

mossy fibers provide massive […] input to the cerebellum

A

sensory

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38
Q

[…] fibers provide the error signal

A

climbing

(from inferior olive)

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39
Q

a unilateral lesion to the flocculonodular system will cause [2]

A

vertigo
nausea, vomiting

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40
Q

a unilateral lesion to the vermal system will cause [2]

A

unable to stand or sit
dysarthia

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41
Q

a unilateral lesion to the lateral and intermediate systems will cause [2]

A

limb clumsiness
inability to perform task (button clothes)

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42
Q

appendicular (extremities) ataxia indicates an issue in what systems? [2]

A

intermediate and lateral

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43
Q

abnormal overshoot or undershoot of limbs

decomposition of movement into parts

A

dysmetria (appendicular ataxia)

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44
Q

how to test for appendicular ataxia [2]

A

finger to nose
heel to shin

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45
Q

abnormal timing of movements

A

dysrhythmia (appendicular ataxia)

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46
Q

types of cerebellar tremors [2]

A

postural
intention

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47
Q

truncal ataxia indicates an issue with the […] system

A

vermal

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48
Q

direction changing gaze evoked nystagmus indicates an issue with the […] system

A

flocculonodular

(central lesion)

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49
Q

if no other systems are affected, the lesion is in the […] cerebellum

A

ipsilateral

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50
Q

[…] cerebellum controls axial and proximal limb musculature bilaterally

A

medial (vermis)

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51
Q

[…] cerebellum controls distal limb musculature ipsilaterally

A

lateral

52
Q

ipsilateral proprioceptive information comes from the […] peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar

53
Q

the two hemispheres of the cerebellum are divided by the

A

vermis

54
Q

three lobes of the cerebellum [3]

A

anterior lobe
posterior lobe
floculonodular lobe

55
Q

[…] fissure separates the anterior and posterior lobes

A

primary fissure

56
Q

[…] fissure separates the posterior and floculonodular lobes

A

posterolateral

57
Q

interposed nuclei [2]

A

globose
emboliform

58
Q

vermal area contains the […] nuclei

A

interposed

59
Q

cerebrocerebellum contains the […] nucleus

A

dentate

60
Q

co-ordinates and plans future movements

A

cerebro-cerebellum

61
Q

controls muscle tone and posture

A

vermis

62
Q

carry proprioceptive muscle information from the inferior olives through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

climbing fibers

63
Q

climbing fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse onto [2]

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)

64
Q

carry sensory information from all over the body

A

mossy fibers

65
Q

carry motor command information from the pontine nuclei through the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

mossy fibers

66
Q

in the vestibulo-cerebellum system, Purkinje cells synapse on the

A

vestibular nucleus

67
Q

nucleus important to feed forward movement planning with the hands

A

dentate

68
Q

unilateral damage to cerebellar nuclei results in […] defects

A

ipsilateral

69
Q

nucleus important for vestibulo-ocular and postural reflexes, and coordination of axial and leg muscles

A

fastigial

70
Q

if focal damage to the red nucleus produced deficits, they would be on the […] side

A

contralateral

71
Q

the major outflow for the intermediate and lateral cerebellar systems pass through the […] peduncle

A

superior cerebellar

72
Q

major input to the lateral cerebellar systems

A

cortical pontine fibers

73
Q

lobe of the cerebellum associated with eye movements

A

flocculonodular

74
Q

truncal ataxia is associated with what part of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

75
Q

inaccuracy of movements by under or over shooting

A

dysmetria

76
Q

abnormal timing

A

dysrhythmia (appendicular ataxia)

77
Q

abnormality of rapid alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

78
Q

excessive rebound after suddenly removing a force on a limb holding posture

A

abnormal check (appendicular ataxia)

79
Q

if there are no other CN findings, the lesion can be localized to the

A

ipsilateral cerebellum

80
Q

lateral medullary syndrome can involve the […] peduncle

A

inferior cerebellar

81
Q

connects cerebellum with midbrain

A

superior peduncle

82
Q

connects cerebellum with pons

A

middle peduncle

83
Q

connects cerebellum with medulla

A

inferior peduncle

84
Q

the majority of afferent fibers to the cerebellum travel through which peduncles?

A

middle
inferior

85
Q

the majority of efferent fibers from the cerebellum travel through which peduncles?

A

superior

86
Q

the lateral zone sends signals to the […] nucleus

A

dentate

87
Q

the intermediate zone sends signals to the […] nucleus

A

emboliform and globose (interposed)

88
Q

the vermal zone sends signals to the […] nucleus

A

fastigial

89
Q

modulates motor execution of medial descending pathways

A

vermal zone

90
Q

modulates motor execution of lateral descending pathways

A

intermediate

91
Q

afferent pathways of the cerebellum originate from [3]

A

cortex
spinal cord/brainstem
vestibular system

92
Q

the vermal area of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the

A

trunk
neck
most of head

93
Q

the intermediate area of the cerebellum receives sensory information from the

A

limbs
lateral head

94
Q

the vermal and intermediate zones primarily control [2]

A

muscle tone
posture

95
Q

the lateral zone of the cerebellum primarily controls

A

coordinating and planning future movements

96
Q

.

A

.

97
Q

the lateral zone of the cerebellum contains the […] nucleus

A

dentate

98
Q

the vermal and intermediate zones of the cerebellum contains the […] nucleus

A

interposed (globose + emboliform)

99
Q

cells of the molecular layer of the cortex [2]

A

stellate cells
basket cells

100
Q

cells of the purkinje layer of the cortex

A

purkinje

101
Q

purkinje cells are […] and release GABA

A

inhibitory

102
Q

cells of the granular layer of the cortex [2]

A

granule cells
Golgi interneurons

103
Q

the cerebellums main job is

A

neural sharpening

(fine tuning of motor response, most important stimuli is take care of first)

104
Q

carry proprioceptive information from the inferior olives through the inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

climbing fibers

105
Q

climbing fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse directly on [2]

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)

106
Q

carry sensory information from all over the body
carry motor command information from the pontine nuclei through the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

mossy fibers

107
Q

climbing fibers release […]
mossy fibers release […]

A

asparatate
glutamate

(both are stimulatory neurotransmitters)

108
Q

the mossy fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse onto [2]

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (stimulatory)
granule cells (mixed effect)

109
Q

granule cells send axons to the molecular layer where they synapse onto [2]

A

stellate and basket cells (stimulatory)
purkinje cells (inhibitory)

110
Q

mossy cells and granule cells can also synapse onto […]

A

golgi cells

(inhibit the granule cells, further contributing to neural sharpening)

111
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei receive many stimulatory and inhibitory signals at once, whether or not they fire depends on […]

A

which signal is more abundant at any give time

112
Q

efferent fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle [3]

(out of cerebellum)

A

dentate to contralateral thalamus
dentate to contralateral red nucleus
purkinje fibers to vestibulospinal nucleus

113
Q

the vestibulospinal nucleus activates the contralateral […] for eye coordination

A

MLF

114
Q

the MLF connects what CN nuclei? [3]

A

III
IV
VI

115
Q

afferent pathways of the superior cerebellar peduncle [3]

(into the cerebellum)

A

ventral spinocerebellar
rostrocerebellar
tectocerebellar

116
Q

carries proprioceptive information of joints, tendons, and ligaments from below L2/3

A

spinocerebellar tract

117
Q

carries visual and auditory information from the superior and inferior colliculi to allow quick responses to visual and auditory stimuli

A

tectocerebellar

118
Q

carries proprioceptive information of the joints, tendons, and ligaments from the cervical spine and upper limbs to the cerebellum

A

rostral cerebellar

119
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle carries […] fibers

A

afferent

120
Q

transmits the original motor plan from the contralateral cortex through the pontine nuclei to allow for motor planning and future movement planning

A

corticopontocerebellar fibers

(then sends plan through dentate nucleus to red nucleus or thalamus)

121
Q

afferent tract for the middle cerebellar peduncles

A

corticopontocerebellar fibers

122
Q

afferent fibers into the inferior cerebellar peduncle [5]

A

dorsal spinocerebellar
cuneocerebellar
vestibulocerebellar
olivocerebellar
reticulocerebellar

123
Q

efferent fibers out of the inferior cerebellar peduncle [2]

A

recticular
vestibular

124
Q

carries motor information from the cerebellum to the reticular formation

A

cerebelloreticular tract

medullary -> flexion
pontine -> extension

125
Q

sends motor fibers to extensor muscles through the vestibulospinal tract

A

cerebellovestibular

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