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Biochem exam 3 > Blood Coagulation and wound repair > Flashcards

Blood Coagulation and wound repair Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

set of processes that will help you from bleeding out

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2
Q

steps of blood clotting

A

injury –> spasm –> formation of platelet plug –> fibrin clot

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3
Q

What is primary hemostasis?

A

vasoconstriction and platelet response

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4
Q

What does serotonin play a role in?

A

vasoconstriction near site of injury

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5
Q

What is secondary hemostasis?

A

clotting cascade

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6
Q

What does cleavage of fibrinogen by thrombin do?

A

make insoluble fibrin that forms cross-linked fibrin mesh at the site of injury

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7
Q

What do platelets release when binding?

A

ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2

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8
Q

What does thromboxane A2 do?

A

cause vasoconstriction and attach other platelets

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9
Q

What is a platelet plug?

A

aggregation of many platelets stimulated by thromboxane A2 and ADP

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10
Q

What is serotonin derived from?

A

tryptophan (in turkey)

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11
Q

What is a precursor for thromboxane A2?

A

arachidonic acid

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12
Q

What is the process of platelet activation?

A

GPIIb/IIIa undergoes conformational change to reveal vWF or fibrinogen
-binds to vWF and promotes strong adhesion

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13
Q

Are platelets active all the time?

A

no do not become activated until there is an injury

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14
Q

What allows platelets to bind in correct spot?

A

von Willebrand factor

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15
Q

What allows platelets to bind to one another?

A

fibrinogen

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16
Q

Is platelet aggregation fast?

A

yes happens in minutes not hours

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17
Q

What activates the external clotting cascade?

A

external trauma that allows blood to escape from the vascular system
(factor 7)

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18
Q

Is the extrinsic pathway quicker or slower than intrinsic?

A

quicker

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19
Q

What activates the intrinsic pathway?

A

trauma inside the vascular system and platelets
(factor 12, 11, 9, and 8)

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20
Q

What are the common factors in the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway?

A

1, 2, 5, and 10

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21
Q

Steps of the common pathway

A

-prothrombin to thrombin
-fibrinogen to fibrin

22
Q

What is factor I?

A

fibrinogen
-cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin clot

23
Q

What is factor II?

A

prothrombin
-activated on surface of activated platelets by prothrombinase complex

24
Q

What activates factor XIII?

A

activated by thrombin in presence of Ca2+
-stabilizs fibrin clot by covalent cross linking

25
Q

cross-linking is dependent on what?

A

calcium

26
Q

What is von Willebrand factor?

A

associated with subendothelial connective tissue
-serves as a bridge between platelet, glycoprotein GPIb/IX, and collagen

27
Q

What is thrombomodulin?

A

protein on the surface of endothelial cells
-binds thrombin and activates protein C
-modulates clotting pathway (idk which one)

28
Q

What is the role of carboxyglutamate?

A

hold enzymes onto the surface of the cell membrane

29
Q

Which molecules have carboxyglutamate residues?

A

thrombin and factors 7, 9, and 10

30
Q

What is vitamin K?

A

cofactor for carboxyglutamates
-fat soluble

31
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

D, E, A, and K

32
Q

What happens if you do not have enough Vitamin K?

A

it is needed to turn glutamate to carboxyglutamate which is very necessary in common pathway so without it you have clotting issues

33
Q

What do fibrin molecules look like?

A

lincoln logs
-they aggregate together and make stable arrangement

34
Q

What catalyzes crosslinking of fibrin?

A

transglutaminase (factor 13)

35
Q

What activates the cleavage of fibrin?

A

thrombin and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

36
Q

What are the four steps of wound healing?

A

hemostasis
inflammation
proliferation
remodeling

37
Q

What is inflammation stage?

A

bacteria and debris are phagocytosed and removed from wound site
-factors cause migration and division of cells in proliferation stage
-take a few days

38
Q

what is the proliferative stage?

A

angiogenesis, collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, epithelialization, and wound contraction

39
Q

What is the remodeling phase?

A

collagen is remodel and realigned along tension force lines and cells no linger needed are removed by apoptosis

40
Q

what causes scaring?

A

overproduction of the matrix

41
Q

what is fibronectin?

A

works as a regulator of platelet function and mediator of hemostasis

42
Q

characteristics of the plasma form of fibronectin:

A

secreted by hepatocytes and modulates platelet formation

43
Q

characteristics of cellular form of fibronectin:

A

secreted by cells as part of extracellular matrix and functions as a scaffold protein

44
Q

What is acid citrate dextrose?

A

solution used to disrupt platelet coagulation and prevent clotting

45
Q

How acid citrate dextrose solution prevent blood clotting?

A

Citrate binds to the calcium present and does not allow it to bind and start the clotting cascade

46
Q

What is prothrombin time?

A

test to diagnose a bleeding disorder
-measured in seconds
-measure of the integrity of the extrinsic pathway and final common pathway

47
Q

What is a healthy international normalized ratio?

A

1.1 or below

48
Q

What does an INR range of 2-3 mean?

A

effective therapeutic range for people that are taking warfarin for blood clots or atrial fibrilation
-inhibiting clotting

49
Q

What can interfere with wound healing?

A

diabetes, venous or arterial disease, old age, or infection

50
Q

Drugs that reduce blood clots:

A

warfarin, pradaxa, xarelto, eliquis, plavix

51
Q

What does warfarin do?

A

depletes vitamin K reserves to prevent clotting and competitively inhibits VKORC1(essential enzyme for activating vitamin K)

52
Q

what do we use coumadin for?

A

to kill the nasty little rats

Biochem exam 3 (10 decks)

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