Lecture 11 Peptide & Proteins

Question 1

Peptide vs Protein

Answer 1

Less than 50 amino acids = Peptide
Greater than 50 amino acids = Protein

Question 2

How are peptides / proteins regulated
(Pre-Translation)

Answer 2

Depends on abundance of mRNA
Transcription Control
Regulation of Degradation

Alternative Splicing: Removing different introns and exons can result in different products

Question 3

How are peptides / proteins regulated
(Post-Translation)

Answer 3

Modification by adding different groups on to protein

Question 4

What are the four types of peptide/protein pharmacological mediators

Answer 4

Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Growth Factors
Immune System Mediators

Question 5

Neuropeptide

Answer 5

Co-transmitted with non-peptide neurotransmitters

Can cause neurogenic inflammation when released form peripheral endings of nociceptive sensory receptors (Caused by mast cells releasing histamine)

Question 6

Substance P

Answer 6

Neuropeptide

Question 7

Neurokinin A

Answer 7

Neuropeptide

Question 8

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP)

Answer 8

Neuropeptide

Question 9

Neuropeptide Y

Answer 9

Neuropeptide

Question 10

Erenumab

Answer 10

Monoclonal Antibody

Treats migraines (Acts against CGRP to prevent neurogenic inflammation)

Question 11

Bradykinin Effects

Answer 11

Non-Neural Hormone

Vasodilation
Vascular Permeability
Contracts intestine/uterus muscles
Stimulates fluid secretion
Stimulates pain nerve endings

Question 12

Kininogen

Answer 12

Cut by protease kallikrein to create Bradykinin

Question 13

Kallikrein

Answer 13

Protease that cuts Kininogen

Question 14

ACE

Answer 14

Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme

Inactivates Bradykinin

Question 15

Bradykinin binds to what kind of receptors

Answer 15

B1 and B2

G-Proteins Receptors

Question 16

What are Growth Factors

Answer 16

Stimulate cell differentiation and proliferation

Initiates apoptosis

Question 17

Growth Factors are _______ size proteins

Answer 17

Small size proteins

Question 18

What kind of receptors do growth factors bind to

Answer 18

Kinase-Linked Receptors

Question 19

Erlotinib

Answer 19

Inhibits Growth Factor Signals by blocking Kinase-Linked Receptors

Question 20

Sunitinib

Answer 20

Inhibits Growth Factor Signals by blocking Kinase-Linked Receptors

Question 21

Cytokines are synthesized by what? When?

Answer 21

Immune cells during inflammation

Question 22

What do Cytokines do

Answer 22

Regulate actions of immune cells

Question 23

What kind of receptors do cytokines act on? What do they do when they act on these receptors

Answer 23

Kinase-Linked Receptors

Stimulates phosphorylation signals to alter gene expression

Question 24

What are the four types of Cytokines

Answer 24

Interleukins
Chemokines
Interferons
Colony Stimulating Factors

Question 25

What are Interleukins?

Answer 25

Mediators that signal between Leukocytes

Mostly Pro-inflammatory
Some Anti-inflammatory

Question 26

List some Pro-Inflammatory Interleukins

Answer 26

TNF(alpha), IL(alpha/beta)

Question 27

List some Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins

Answer 27

IL-4, IL-10, IL-13

Question 28

Adalimumab

Answer 28

Monoclonal Antibody against TNF(alpha)

Against Pro-inflammatory interleukin

Treats Rheumatoid arthritis and Chrohn’s disease

Question 29

What are Chemokines

Answer 29

Chemoattractant Cytokines

Question 30

How are Chemokines grouped

Answer 30

By the key cysteine in their peptide chain

Question 31

List some chemokines

Answer 31

MCP-1, RANTES, CXCL-12

Question 32

What are Interferons

Answer 32

Used to interfere with viral replication

Question 33

IFN(alpha)

Answer 33

Interferon used to treat chronic Hepatitis B/C
Also used to treat malignant diseases (Diseases that have spread)

Question 34

IFN(beta)

Answer 34

Used to treat relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Question 35

IFN(gamma)

Answer 35

Raises T-Cell reponse to reduce infections

Used in immunodeficient diseases to fight infections (Chronic Granulomatous Disease)

Question 36

What are Colony Stimulating Factors

Answer 36

Small Growth Factor Proteins that can be used like a drug

Question 37

Erythropoietin

Answer 37

AKA. EPO
Colony Stimulating Factor

Stimulates RBC production

Question 38

Filgrastim

Answer 38

AKA. Recombinant Granulocyte
Colony Stimulating Factor

Stimulates WBC Production