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AP II Exam 1 > Chapter 14 Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the adult brain is dominated in size by ____

A

the cereburm

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2
Q

the cerebrum can be divided into…….

A

large, paired cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

what is “neural cortex”

A

the layer of gray matter covering most of the brain’s surface

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4
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A

the superficial layer of the NEURAL CORTEX

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5
Q

What is the name for the elevated ridges formed by the cerebral cortex?

A

gyri

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6
Q

what is the function of the gyri?

A

to increase surface area

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7
Q

the gyri are separated by ___or _______

A

shallow depressions called SULCI or by deeper grooves called FISSURES

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8
Q

What is the most notable function of the cerebrum?

A

conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory, and complex movements

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9
Q

what is the second largest part of the brain that is partially hidden by the cerebral hemispheres?

A

cerebellum

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10
Q

is the cerebellum also covered in gray matter?

A

yes – called the cerebellar cortex

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11
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

adjusts ongoing movements by comparing arriving sensations with what has been previously experienced.
allows you to perform the same movements over and over

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12
Q

what is the “floor” of the diencephalon?

A

the hypothalamus

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13
Q

the walls of the diencephalon are composed of….

A

the left thalamus and the right thalamus

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14
Q

which part of the diencephalon has processing centers for sensory information?

A

the thalamus

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15
Q

which part of the diencephalon has centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production?

A

the hypothalamus

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16
Q

the hypothalamus is connected to the _____ by a narrow stalk called the infundibulum

A

pituitary gland

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17
Q

the pituitary gland is a component of which system?

A

the endocrine system

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18
Q

what is responsible for the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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19
Q

what is the structural and functional link between the cerebral hemispheres and parts of the brain stem?

A

the diencephalon

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20
Q

the brain stem includes…..

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
(in that order top to bottom)

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21
Q

what connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?

A

the pons

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22
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A

to process visual and auditory information and ot control reflexes triggered by these stimuli

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23
Q

the spinal cord connects to the brain at what structure?

A

the medulla oblongata

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24
Q

which part of the brain helps to maintain consciousness?

A

the midbrain

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25
Q

which part of the brain relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus AND has subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers?

A

the pons

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26
Q

which part of the brain has autonomic centers for the regulation of visceral function? (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)

A

medulla oblongata

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27
Q

embryology:

the CNS begins as…..

A

a hollow cylinder known as the neural tube.
neural tube has a fluid-filled internal cavity known as the neurocoel

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28
Q

what creates the primary brain vesicles?

A

the enlargement of the cephalic portion of the neural tube

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29
Q

cells of _____ line the ventricles of the brain

A

ependyma

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30
Q

each cerebral hemisphere contains a large…. separated by…….

A

cerebral hemisphere, separated by the septum pellucidum

31
Q

the diencephalon is the _______ ventricle

A

3rd

32
Q

each lateral ventricle communicates with the diencephalon through an………..

A

interventricular foramen

33
Q

what ventricle is the midbrain?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

34
Q

the 4th ventricle is……

A

the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum

35
Q

what passageway connects the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle?

A

the cerebral aqueduct (midbrain)

36
Q

the 4th ventricle becomes continuous with what as it goes down?

A

the central canal of the spinal cord

37
Q

what are the ventricles filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

the CSF continually circulates from the _ and ____ into the ______

A

from the ventricles and central canal into the subarachnoid space of the cranial meninges

39
Q

name 3 protections that the brain has from MECHANICAL forces

A

skull (cranial bones)
cranial meninges
CSF

40
Q

name the biochemical protection for the brain

A

BBB - isolates the brain from general circulation

41
Q

name the layers of cranial meninges.

are they continuous with the spinal meninges?

A

from superficial to deep:

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

dura matter has an outer and inner fibrous layer

YES they’re continuous with the spinal meninges, but the cranial meninges have distint anatomical and functional characteristics

42
Q

which cranial meninge sticks to the surface of the brain, is anchored by astrocytes, and extends into every fold, and accompanies the branches of the cerebral blood vessels as they penetrate the surface of the brain to reach internal structures

A

the pia mater

43
Q

the dura mater has an outer ___ layer and an inner _______ layer

A

outer endosteal
inner meningeal

44
Q

which cranial meninge covers the brain but does NOT follow the brain’s underlying folds?

A

the arachnoid mater

45
Q

compare the various protections of the brain to a car getting into an accident

A

car = cranial bones. not enough protection.

dural folds act like seat belts that hold the brain in position

CSF in the subarachnoid space acts like a bumper by cushioning against shocks and jolts

46
Q

what is cranial trauma?

A

a head injury resulting from impact with another object

47
Q

each year in the US, about ____ cases of cranial trauma occur, but only 1 in ___ results in serious brain damage

A

8 million,
1 in 8 results in serious brain damage

48
Q

true or false:

the cranial meninges and csf are so effective in protecting the brain

A

true

49
Q

what completely surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS?

A

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

50
Q

name 3 functions of the CSF

A

-cushion delicate neural structures

-support the brain (brain is suspended inside the cranium and floats in the CSF. weighs around 3 pounds in air, but only around 50g (1.8 oz) when supported by CSF

-transport nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

51
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

at the choroid plexus

52
Q

true or false:

the ependymal lining is freely permeable everywhere

A

false – permeable everywhere BUT at the choroid plexus where CSF is made

since the ependymal lining is freely permeable everywhere else, the CSF is constantly in chemical communication with the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells (neurons and neuroglia) of the CNS

53
Q

a __ __ can provide useful clinical information about CSF injury, infection, or disease

A

spinal tap – collects CSF fluid from the spinal canal

54
Q

explain the difference in composition between CSF and blood plasma

A

blood plasma contains high concentrations of soluble proteins, but CSF does not.

other conc’s are different too – ions, amino acids, lipids, waste products, etc

55
Q

the ENTIRE VOLUME OF THE CSF is replaced every….

explain how you got this number

A

8 hours

choroid plexus produces CSF at a rate of 500mL/day, and theres only 150mL of CSF at a time

500/150 = 3
3x=24

x=8 hours

56
Q

explain what the CSF circulates through

A

the choroid plexus, the ventricles, and fills the central canal of the spinal cord

57
Q

where is CSF absorbed into venous circulation?

A

at arachnoid granulations – clusters of arachnoid villi

58
Q

a problem with the reabsorption of the CSF in infancy causes what condition?

A

hydrocephalus “water on the brain”
this makes the infant have an enormously expanded skull

59
Q

in ADULTS, if there is an issue with the circulation or reabsorption of CSF, what happens?

A

distortion and damage of the brain

60
Q

true or false:

the brain has limited circulatory supply

A

FALSE - the brain has extensive circulatory supply

61
Q

arterial blood reaches the brain through…..

venous blood LEAVES the brain through….

A

arterial blood GOES TO THE BRAIN via the vertebral arteries and carotid arteries

most of the venous blood leaves the brain through the internal jugular veins

62
Q

a head injury that damages the cerebral blood vessels will cause what?

A

bleeding into the dura mater.
this blood compresses and distorts the soft tissue in the brain – very serious

63
Q

what are cerebrovascular diseases?

A

cardiovascular disorders that interfere with normal blood supply to the brain

64
Q

what does CVA stand for and what is it

A

cerebrovascular accident
STROKE
a blood supply to a portion of the brain is shut off. affected neurons begin to die within minutes

65
Q

neural tissue in the CNS is isolated from general circulation by the….

A

BBB blood brain barrier

66
Q

the blood brain barrier is formed by…

A

tight junctions of capillary endothelial cells that PREVENT the diffusion of materials between adjacent endothelial cells
only lipid soluble molecules can diffuse across the membranes of the endothelial cells and into the interstitial fluid of the brain and spinal cord

67
Q

the restricted permeability of the endothelial lining of the brain capillaries is in some way dependent on chemicals secreted by…..

EXPLAIN

A

astrocytes

the astrocytes processess wrap around the endothelial cells and releases chemicals that control the permeability of the endothelium to various susbstances

68
Q

if astrocytes are damaged or stop stimulating the endothelial cells, what happens?

A

the blood brain barrier disappears

69
Q

does the choroid plexus have a BBB? explain

A

NO. the choroid plexus is not part of the neural tissue of the brain, so there are no astrocytes in contact with the epithelial cells there.

HOWEVER, substances do not have free access to the CNS through the choroid plexus either.
Specialized endymal cells at the choroid plexus create a Blood-CSF barrier.
The cells also have tight junctions and surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus

70
Q

neurons have a constant need for _____

A

glucose

71
Q

name 4 EXCEPTIONS where the BBB is NOT intact within the CNS

A

-portions of the hypothalamus, the capillary endothelium is extremely permeable. exposes hypothalamic nuclei to circulating hormones and permits diffusion of hypothalamic hormones into circulation

-capillaries in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (continuous with the floor of the hypothalamus) are HIGHLY PERMEABLE. here, antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are released into circulation

-capillaries in the PINEAL gland are very permeable. (located on superior posterior surface of diencephalon). allows pineal secretions into general circulation (part of endocrine system)

-as mentioned, capillaries in the choroid plexus are extremely permeable with no BBB, but there’s a blood-CSF barrier

72
Q

is tetracycline used to treat meningitis or other CNS infections?

A

no – this drug is excluded from the brain. physcians have to keep in mind the limitations of the BBB and blood-CSF barrier

73
Q

can sulfisoxazole and sulfadiazine be used to treat CNS infections?

A

yes

74
Q
A

AP II Exam 1 (17 decks)

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