Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP II Exam 1 > Chapter 15 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

temperature receptors

A

thermoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of receptors are thermoreceptors and where are they located?

A

free nerve endings located in the dermis, skeletal muscles, the liver, and the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which are more numerous – cold receptors or warm receptors?

is there a structural difference between them?

A

cold receptors are3-4 times more numerous

NO structural differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are thermoreceptors phasic or tonic receptors?

A

phasic.
they are very active when the temperature is changing but quickly adapt to a stable temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

are temp sensations carried along the same pathway as pain sensations?

A

yes

-reticular formation, thalamus, and primary sensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mechanoreceptors are sensitive to stimuli that….

A

distort their plasma membranes

their plasma membranes contain mechanically gated ion channels that open/close in response to stretching, compression, twisting, or other distortions of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 3 classes of mechanoreceptors?

A

-tactile receptors – touch, pressure, vibration
-baroreceptors – pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels, portions of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
-proprioceptors – monitor positions of joints and skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____ touch and pressure receptors vs _____ touch and pressure receptors:

A

fine touch and pressure receptors –provide detailed info about a source of stimulation, including its exact location, shape, size, texture, and movement. EXTREMELY SENSITIVE AND HAVE NARROW RECEPTIVE FIELDS

crude touch and pressure receptors – provide poor localization and have large receptive fields that give little information about the stimulus

types of TACTILE RECEPTORS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 6 types of tactile receptors in the skin

A

-free nerve endings
-root hair plexus
-tactile discs (merkel discs)
-tactile corpuscles
-lamellated corpuscles
-ruffini corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

FREE NERVE ENDINGS that provide touch sensations are _____ receptors with ____ receptive fields

A

tonic receptors with small receptive fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where are free nerve endings sensitive to touch located?

A

between epidermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are root hair plexuses located?

explain how they work

A

wherever hairs are located

when a hair is displaced, the movement of its follicle distorts the sensory dendrites and produces action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

do root hair plexuses adapt rapidly? explain

A

yes!
we only feel our clothing when we move or consciously think on tactile sensations from the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are tactile discs (merkel discs) sensitive? are they tonic or phasic?

A

HIGHLY SENSITIVE. tonic receptors with small receptive fields. located in stratum basale of the ksin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are tactile corpuscles most abundant?

A

in the eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and external gentilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which tactile receptors are sensitive to DEEP pressure and are located in the fingers, mammary glands, and external gentilia?

A

lamellated corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which corpuscles are located in the DEEP dermis, are Tonic, and show little to no adaptation?

A

Ruffini corpuscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Our sensitivity to tactile sensations may be altered by…

A

infection, disease, or damage to sensory neurons or pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain how sensory losses can have clinical significance

A

sensory losses with clear regional boundaries can indicate trauma to spinal nerves.
for example, sensory loss within the boundaries of a dermatome can help identify the spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain tickle and itch sensations

A

-closely related to the sensations of touch and pain

-receptors are free nerve endings

-unmyelinated Type C axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

baroceptors monitor changes in…

A

pressure in an organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

a baroceptor consists of….

A

free nerve endings that branch into the walls of distensible organs. when the pressure changes, the elastic walls of the tract recoil or expand, which distorts the dendritic branches and alters the rate of action potential generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

do baroceptors adapt rapidly?

A

yes
they respond immediately to a change in pressure, but adapt rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

baroceptors in the lungs monitor what?

A

the degree of lung expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name the 3 major groups of proprioceptors

A

-muscle spindles
-golgi tendon organs
-receptors in joint capsules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

proprioceptors monitor…

A

the position of joints, the tension in tendons and ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

muscle spindles monitor what? what type of receptors are they?

A

muscle spindles are a type of proprioceptor.
they monitor skeletal muscle length and trigger stretch reflex (ch 13)

28
Q

explain golgi tendon organs

A

type of proprioceptor, similar in function to ruffini corpuscles but are located at the joint between a skeletal muscle and its tendon.
in a golgi tendon organ, dendrites branch repeatedly and wind around the collagen fibers of the tendon. these receptors are stimulated by tension in the tendon

THEY MONITOR THE EXTERNAL TENSION DEVELOPED DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION

29
Q

Your sense of body position results from the integration of….

A

information from receptors in joint capsules, information provided by muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and the receptors of the internal ear

30
Q

do proprioceptors adapt to constant stimulation?

A

NO
each receptor continually sends information to the CNS. Only a small portion of arriving proprioception information reaches our awareness. – most is subconscious

31
Q

chemoreceptors respond only to….

A

water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in bodily fluids

32
Q

Do chemoreceptors exhibit peripheral adaption?

A

yes and sometimes central adaptation

33
Q

name 2 specific regions where chemoreceptors are located

A

carotid bodies and aortic bodies – monitor the pH and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

34
Q

the afferent fibers leaving the carotid or aortic bodies reach the respiratory centers by travelling within which cranial nerves?

A

IX and X
glossopharyngeal and vagus

35
Q

what is a first order neuron?

A

a sensory neuron that delivers information to the CNS

36
Q

The cell body of a first order neuron is located where?

A

in a dorsal root ganglion or cranial nerve ganglion

37
Q

in the CNS, the axon of a first order neuron synapses on an interneuron known as….

A

a second order neuron which may be located in the brainstem or spinal cord

38
Q

when will a 3rd order neuron come into play?

A

if the sensation is to reach our awareness, the second order neuron synapses on a third order neuron

39
Q

WHERE is the 3rd order neuron located?

A

in the thalamus

40
Q

the right side of the thalamus receives information from the ____ side of the body.
explain

A

LEFT
Somewhere along its length, the axon of the second order neuron crosses over to the opposite side of the CNS

41
Q

The axons of third order neurons synapse where?

A

on neurons of the primary sensory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere (reaches our consciousness!)

42
Q

name 3 MAJOR SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS

A
  1. the spinothalamic pathway
  2. the posterior column pathway
  3. the spinocerebellar pathway
43
Q

spinothalamic tract
where does it begin and end?
is it a sensory or motor pathway?

A

begins with spino, so it starts in the spinal cord.
ends in thalamic, so it ends in the thalamus

must be an ascending sensory tract

44
Q

where does the corticospinal tract begin and end?

A

begins with cortico, so it begins in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord

45
Q

the spinothalamic pathway carries sensations of….

A

poorly localized touch, pain, temperature, and pressure

46
Q

the perception that an arriving stimulus is painful rather than cold, hot, or vibrating depends on what?

A

which second order and third order neurons are stimulated

47
Q

what is phantom limb pain and what causes is

A

when an individual experiences painful sensations that are not real.
caused by activity in the sensory neurons or interneurons in the spinothalamic pathway

48
Q

what is referred pain?
give examples

A

when an individual feels pain in an uninjured part of the body when the pain actually originates at another location.

the strong visceral pain sensations arriving at the spinal cord (the pain that SHOULD be felt) can stimulate interneurons that are part of the spinothalamic pathway. activity in these interneurons leads to the stimulation of the primary sensory cortex, so an individual feels pain in a specific part of the body surface

ex: pain of heart attack is felt in the left arm
appendicitis is first felt in the naval, and then in the right lower quadrant

49
Q

the posterior column pathway carries sensations of…

A

precise touch and vibrations, and proprioception

50
Q

name the spinal tracts involved in the posterior column pathway

A

fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus

51
Q

crude touch and pressure sensations use which spinothalamic tract?

pain and temperature sensations use which spinothalamic tract?

A

crude touch and pressure = anterior spinothalamic tract

pain and temp = lateral spinothalamic tract

52
Q

(posterior column pathways)
axons carrying sensations from the INFERIOR half of the body ascend within the ____ and synapse in the ______

A

ascend within the fasciculus gracilis and synapse in the nucleus gracilis of the medulla oblongata

53
Q

(posterior column pathway)
axons carrying sensations from the SUPERIOR part of the upper trunk, limbs, and neck ascend in the ________ and synapse in the _______

A

ascend in the fasciculus cuneatus and synapse in the nucelus cutaneatus

54
Q

the crossing of an axon from the left to the right side or vice versa is called…

A

decussation

55
Q

processing in the _____ determines whether you perceive a given sensation as fine touch, pressure, or vibration

A

thalamus

56
Q

our ability to localize the sensation – to determine precisely where on the body a specific stimulus originated – depends on…

A

the projection of information from the thalamus to the primary sensory cortex

57
Q

the area of sensory cortex devoted to a particular body region is proportional to….

A

NOT THE REGION’S SIZE – but the number of sensory receptors there

58
Q

are more cortical neurons required to process sensory information from the tongue or the bakc?

A

the tongue because the size of the region does not matter.
only the number of receptors and the tingue has thousands

59
Q

does information from the spinocerebellar pathway reach our consciousness?

A

no

60
Q

what kind of information does the spinocerebellar pathway relay?

A

information about muscle, tendon, and joint positions

61
Q

what are the tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway

A

the posterior cerebellar tracts and the anterior spinocerebellar tracts

62
Q

the sensations carried by anterior spinocerebellar trunks……

A

reach the cerebellar cortex via the superior cerebellar punduncle.

the axons crossover and extend to the cerebellum and then crossover again within the cerebellum, synapsing on the SAME SIDE of the stimulus

called double cross

63
Q

the information carried by the spinocerebellar pathway ultimately ends up…

A

at the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex

64
Q

cranial nerves ________________, carry visceral sensory information from the mouth, palate, larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus, and associated vessels and glands

A

V,VII,IX,X

65
Q

Visceral sensory information is collected by…

A

interoceptors monitoring visceral tissues and organs
(nociceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, tactile receptors)

66
Q

cranial nerves V,VII,IX,X carry visceral sensory information from the mouth, palate, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, etc

this information is delivered to the ____

A

solitary nucleus – a large nucleus on each side of the medulla oblongata

solitary nucleus is a mojor processing and sorting center for visceral sensory information

67
Q
A

AP II Exam 1 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions