Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5: Respiration and Photosynthesis > Aerobic Respiration > Flashcards

Aerobic Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Give the overall equation for respiration.

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

The cell cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Briefly describe the 3 things that glycolysis does.

A

Trapping the glucose in the cell and phosphorylating it.
Splitting the glucose molecule into 2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many carbon molecules in pyruvate?

A

3C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the 1st stage of glycolysis, describe what happens to glucose.

A

Glucose is phosphorylated to form a 6C molecule with 2 phosphate groups attached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much ATP is hydrolysed in the first stage of glycolysis?
How many phosphates released?

A

2 ATP hydrolysed into 2 ADP and 2Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is ATP hydrolysed in the 1st stage of glycolysis?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy which is used to add the phosphates to the glucose (phosphorylation).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, what happens to the phosphorylated glucose?

A

Phosphorylated glucose is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate. (3C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the 3rd stage of glycolysis, describe how the triose phosphate is oxidised.

A

Hydrogen is removed from each of the triose phosphate molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

After oxidation occurs in stage 3 of glycolysis, where does the hydrogen go?
Which molecule/how many of this molecule is produced and why?

A

Hydrogen is added to NAD to form reduced NAD.
This forms 2 molecules of reduced NAD as this occurs for each molecule of triose phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give a balanced equation for the oxidation of NAD using hydrogen.

A

4H + 2NAD -> 2NADH + 2H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Briefly states what happens in the 4th stage of glycolysis. Include descriptions of how much ATP is formed, what molecules are formed etc

A

ATP is produced as phosphate molecules are removed from each of the triose phosphates. These phosphates react with ADP to form 4 molecules of ATP overall, creating a net gain of two. Dephosphorylation of both triose phosphates will produce 2 pyruvates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give the names and amount of each molecule produced at the end of glycolysis.

A

2 Pyruvates (3C)
4 ATP (net gain 2)
2 Reduced NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where does the link reaction occur?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What two stages of respiration does the link reaction connect?

A

Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How will pyruvate enter the mitochondrial matrix from the cytoplasm?
What conditions are required for aerobic respiration to continue?

A

Pyruvate will actively transport into the mitochondrial matrix.
This is when oxygen is available.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In the 1st stage of the link reaction, pyruvate is oxidised to what molecule?
What molecules are lost?

A

Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate and CO2 is lost.
This means acetate is a 2C molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the process of removing CO2 from pyruvate called?

A

Decarboxylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the production of reduced NAD in the link reaction.

A

2 Hydrogen atoms are released per molecule of acetate.
One of these hydrogens is added to NAD to produce reduced NAD.
The other is released.

20
Q

What is the process of adding hydrogen to NAD called?

A

Hydrogenation.

21
Q

The acetate produced reacts with what enzyme to produce what products?

A

Acetate + Coenzyme A -> Acetyl coenzyme A + Reduced NAD + Co2

22
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

A molecule that helps enzymes carry out their function, but is not used in the reaction itself.

23
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

24
Q

In the 1st stage of the Krebs cycle, acetyl coenzyme A will firstly combine with a molecule with how many carbons in the chain?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) combines with a 4C molecule

25
Q

What is formed after acetyl coenzyme A combines with the 4C molecule? What is released?

A

Citrate (6C)
Coenzyme A is released.

26
Q

Citrate (6C) converted back to 4C through a series of what type of reactions?

A

Through a series of oxidation/reduction reactions.

27
Q

How much CO2 is lost during decarboxylation of citrate (6C)?

A

2CO2

28
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed in 1 Krebs Cycle?
What is this process called?

A

1 molecule of ATP produced.
This is called substrate level phosphorylation.

29
Q

What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Krebs cycle?

A

4C. This can combine again with another acetyl coenzyme A at the end of the Krebs cycle.

30
Q

For each molecule of pyruvate, how many ATP and CO2 are produced?

A

1 ATP
3 CO2

31
Q

Give 2 importances of the Krebs cycle.

A

To break macromolecules into smaller ones.
To release H atoms that can be carried by NAD to the electron transport chain and provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation.

32
Q

How are H atoms used in the ETC?

A

They provide energy for oxidative phosphorylation which leads to ATP production.

33
Q

What do NAD and FAD do?

A

They accept hydrogen atoms that become available during respiration and transfer the H atoms from the different stages of respiration to the ETC.

34
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

On the inner mitochondrial membrane.

35
Q

How do coenzymes get oxidised?

A

The hydrogen atoms get removed.

36
Q

How do electrons join onto the electron transport chain?

A

Reduced NAD/FAD releases their hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

37
Q

How are electrons passed along electron carriers?

A

Through a series of oxidation/reduction reactions.

38
Q

How is energy released during the electron transport chain?

A

When FAD and NAD get oxidised, their loss of hydrogen releases energy.

39
Q

Where do H+ ions move from/to in the ETC?

A

H+ ions move from themitochondria matrix, through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the inter membranal space.

40
Q

Describe where the high and low concentration of H+ ions would be found in the mitochondria.

A

Low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix.
High concentration in the inner mitochondrial space.

41
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation results in the production of which 2 molecules?

A

ATP and water from oxygen.

42
Q

What is chemiosmotic theory?

A

The theory that states that energy from electrons passed through the ETC is used to actively transport H+ ions up their concentration gradient into their intermembrane space.

43
Q

How is ATP produced during the ETC?
What transport process is involved?
Described how energy is used during ATP production.

A

H+ ions pass down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase channels which releases energy, in facilitated diffusion, producing ATP.

44
Q

Describe where facilitated diffusion and active transport take place in the ETC.

A

H+ ions are actively transported from the matrix to the inter membranal space.
They are then transported through ATP synthase channels back into the matrix in facilitated diffusion.

45
Q

What does oxygen acting as the final electron acceptor mean?

A

It combines H+ ions with electrons to form water at the end of the ETC.

46
Q

State the amount of NAD and FAD released during each stage of respiration. Consider that there are 2 Krebs cycles occurring for each molecule of glucose.

A

Reduced NAD:
2 x 1 = 2 from Glycolysis
2 x 1 = 2 from the Link Reaction
2 x 3 = 6 from the Krebs cycle
Reduced FAD:
2 x 1 = 2 from the Krebs cycle

47
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced overall during respiration?

A

32 ATP overall

5: Respiration and Photosynthesis (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions