Lecture 11

Question 1

biological species concept def of species

Answer 1

reproductively isolated community in which all individuals potentially r actually interbreed amongst themselves, but are genetically isolated from other groups

Question 2

2 advantage of biological species concept

Answer 2

reproductive isolation
self define the boundary of their of their species

Question 3

4 disadvantage of biological species concept

Answer 3

exception, hybrid
too much time to test
asexual reproduction
cannot be used to dead species

Question 4

1 advantave of morphospecies concept

Answer 4

applied easily

Question 5

3 disadvantage of morphospecies concept

Answer 5

arbitrary decision
parallel evolution
not give mechanism information

Question 6

def of phylogenetic species

Answer 6

monophyleti group composed of the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms within which there is parental pattern of ancestry and descend

Question 7

1 advantage of phylogenetic species

Answer 7

focus operationally defining species

Question 8

4 disadvantage of phylogenetic species

Answer 8

depend on genetic material used
cannot be used to dead species
expensive
not give mechanism information

Question 9

2 types of species formation

Answer 9

allopatric
sympatric

Question 10

allopatric 3 steps

Answer 10

geographical isolation, local adaptation, reproductive isolation

Question 11

2 types reproductive isolation mechanism

Answer 11

pre-zygotic, post-zygotic

Question 12

6 types pre-zygotic

Answer 12

geographic isolation
ecological isolation
behavioral isolation
temporal isolation
mechanical isolation
prevention of gamete fusion

Question 13

3 types post-zygotic

Answer 13

hybrid embryo do not develop properly
hybrid adult do not survive in nature
hybrid adult are sterile or have reduced fertility

Question 14

2 eg. of living fossils

Answer 14

brachiopod(Silurian志留纪)
horseshoe crab(Ordovician奥陶纪)

Question 15

def of living fossils

Answer 15

morphologically unchanged since very long ago

Question 16

period of the 5 mass extinction

Answer 16

end Ordovician奥陶纪
late Devonian泥盆纪
end Permian二叠纪- mother of mass extinction
end Triassic三叠纪
end Cretaceous白垩纪- dinosaur

Question 17

2 types of extinction

Answer 17

uniform/ background extinction
catastrophic/ mass extinction