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biological psychology > BioPsych Exam 2 > Flashcards

BioPsych Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pathways

A

Information is relayed from sensory receptors to cortex

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2
Q

Afferent neurons are also known as…

A

Sensory neurons

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3
Q

How do afferent neurons send information?

A

Toward the central nervous system

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4
Q

Efferent neurons are also known as…

A

Motor neurons

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5
Q

How do efferent neurons send information?

A

Away from the central nervous system

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6
Q

Sensory coding

A

Idea that the firing rate of neurons holds information about the stimulus

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7
Q

Sensory representation

A

Idea that the presence of maps throughout the brain represents different aspects of sensory information coming in

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8
Q

Energy type of vision

A

Physical, light waves

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9
Q

Sensory receptors of vision

A

Photoreceptors, rods and cones

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10
Q

Coding/mapping of vision

A

Retinotopic map

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11
Q

Pathway of vision

A

Light –> photoreceptors –> bipolar cells –> retinal ganglion cells –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus –> V1 –> dorsal and ventral streams

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12
Q

Energy type of audition

A

Physical, sound waves

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13
Q

Sensory receptors of audition

A

Hair cells, inner and outer

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14
Q

Coding/mapping of audition

A

Tonotopy

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15
Q

Pathway of audition

A

Sound waves –> ear canal –> hair cells bend –> release neurotransmitter to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus –> A1

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16
Q

Energy type of olfaction

A

Chemical, odorants

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17
Q

Sensory receptors of olfaction

A

Olfactory receptors, cilia activated

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18
Q

Coding/mapping of olfaction

A

Combinatorial coding

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19
Q

Pathway of olfaction

A

Odorant particles –> cilia of olfactory receptors –> mitral cells –> 1 of 3 pathways to brain

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20
Q

Energy type of taste

A

Chemical, food

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21
Q

Sensory receptors of taste

A

Taste receptors, 5 types

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22
Q

Coding/mapping of taste

A

Gustatopic map

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23
Q

Pathway of taste

A

Food particles –> microvilli on receptors –> cranial nerves –> thalamus –> primary gustatory cortex

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24
Q

Does vision make a pitstop at the thalamus?

A

Yes, at the lateral geniculate nucleus

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25
Q

Does audition make a pitstop at the thalamus?

A

Yes, at the medial geniculate nucleus

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26
Q

Does olfaction make a pitstop at the thalamus?

A

Not necessarily

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27
Q

Does taste make a pitstop at the thalamus?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Does vision decussate?

A

Yes, at the optic chiasm

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29
Q

Does audition decussate

A

Yes

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30
Q

Does olfaction decussate?

A

No, stays ipsilateral

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31
Q

Does taste decussate?

A

No, stays ipsilateral

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32
Q

What are photoreceptors?

A

Specialized neurons for vision that transduce light energy into neural activity

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33
Q

What are the different types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones

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34
Q

What do rods code for?

A

Night vision and motion

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35
Q

What do cones code for?

A

Color vision and acuity

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36
Q

Where are rods located?

A

Spread out over retina (sans fovea)

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37
Q

Where are cones located?

A

Almost entirely in the fovea

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38
Q

What is the process of transduction in vision?

A
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39
Q

How is light transduced into action potentials?

A
  • Light hyperpolarizes the photoreceptor via G-protein coupled receptors
  • This reduces inhibition of the bipolar cells which are excitatory
  • Bipolar cells can now depolarize and fire
  • This now can excite the retinal ganglion cells, whose action potentials get sent to the brain
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40
Q

What is the pathway from the eye into the brain?

A

Geniculostriate system, goes from optic tract to lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus

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41
Q

How do we get to V1?

A

Via optic radiation from LGN to V1

42
Q

Does vision make any pitstops?

A

Yes, at the thalamus

43
Q

What type of information is conserved along the vision pathway?

A

Segregation of color/form/motion information, and left/right fields

44
Q

What are blobs?

A

Sections of V1 that are sensitive to information about color; input from P cells, output to thin stripes of V2

45
Q

What are interblobs?

A

Sections of V1 that are sensitive to information about movement and form. Input from M cells, output:
- If it’s about movement, output to thick stripes of V2
- If it’s about form, output to areas of V2 that are between thick and thin stripes

46
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A

Respond preferentially to information from 1 eye

47
Q

How do we perceive location?

A
48
Q

If parts of our visual pathway are injured, how would that change a person’s vision in terms of what part of the visual world they can and cannot see?

A

If you severed the optic chiasm, you would not be able to see the outer (temporal) portions of visual fields from both eyes

49
Q

How do we perceive edges?

A
50
Q

How do we perceive color?

A

Via cones, which can be specialized for blue, green, and red

51
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral streams?

A
52
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral streams help us accomplish?

A
  • Dorsal: vision-for-action (how we perceive motion); helps with spatial orientation, as well as visually-guided reaching/grasping
  • Ventral: vision-for-perception; recognition and discrimination of visual shapes/objects
53
Q

What is the general structure of the olfactory system?

A
54
Q

What are the neurons doing the transduction in olfaction called?

A
55
Q

What are glomeruli?

A

Located in the olfactory bulb, glomeruli are made up of the axons from ORN, and they send info to the mitral cells and then to the brain

56
Q

What are mitral cells?

A
57
Q

What does transduction look like in olfaction?

A
58
Q

Is there any decussation in olfaction?

A
59
Q

Where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

A
60
Q

What is meant by combinatorial coding?

A
61
Q

Is there a map in olfaction?

A
62
Q

In what ways is the map in olfaction similar and different from other maps we’ve discussed?

A
63
Q

What is the general structure of the gustatory system?

A
64
Q

How many receptors are there in the gustatory system and what are they?

A
65
Q

What does transduction look like in gustation?

A
66
Q

Does information decussate in gustation?

A
67
Q

Where is the primary gustatory cortex located?

A
68
Q

Is there a one-to-one relationship between taste bud cells and neurons liking exactly 1 type of taste?

A
69
Q

Is there a map in gustation?

A
70
Q

In what ways is the gustation map similar and different to other maps we’ve discussed?

A
71
Q

What is the difference between the frequency and amplitude of waves?

A
72
Q

What structures constitute the outer ear?

A
73
Q

What structures constitute the middle ear?

A
74
Q

What structures constitute the inner ear?

A
75
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A
76
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A
77
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A
78
Q

What is the process of transduction in audition?

A
79
Q

Where does the auditory pathway enter the brain?

A
80
Q

Where does the auditory pathway decussate?

A
81
Q

Does the auditory pathway make a pitstop?

A
82
Q

Where is A1?

A
83
Q

How do we perceive pitch?

A
84
Q

How do we perceive loudness?

A
85
Q

How do we perceive the location a sound comes from?

A
86
Q

Where are the dorsal and ventral streams of the auditory pathway?

A
87
Q

What does the premotor area help us with?

A
88
Q

How do we code location on the body to move?

A
89
Q

How do we code which direction to move in?

A
90
Q

How do we code force with which we need to move?

A
91
Q

What is the function of the direct pathway?

A
92
Q

What type of feedback loop is the direct pathway?

A
93
Q

How does the substantia nigra impact the direct pathway?

A
94
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathway?

A
95
Q

What type of feedback loop is the indirect pathway?

A
96
Q

How does the substantia nigra impact the indirect pathway?

A
97
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease in terms of how it impacts the direct and indirect pathways?

A
98
Q

What is the cause of Parkinson’s disease?

A
99
Q

How does M1 tell different parts of the body to move?

A
100
Q

Is there any decussation in movement pathways?

A
101
Q

What decussates (and what does not) in movement pathways?

A
102
Q

In what part of the brain does the decussation occur in movement?

A

biological psychology (5 decks)

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