chapter 13 judgement and decisions

Question 1

inductive reasoning

Answer 1

the process of drawing general conclusions based on specific observations and evidence

Question 2

factors that contribute to inductive arguments

Answer 2

1 representativeness of observations, 2 number of observations 3 quality of the evidence

Question 3

availability heuristic

Answer 3

events that are more easily come to mind are judged as being more probable than events that are less easily recalled

Question 4

illusory correlations

Answer 4

a relationship between two events appears to exist but reality there is no relationship at all

Question 5

stereotypes

Answer 5

an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the negative

Question 6

representativeness heuristic

Answer 6

likelihood that an instance is a member of a larger category depends on how well that instance resembles properties we typically associate with that category

Question 7

conjunction rule

Answer 7

the probability of the conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents

Question 8

Myside bias

Answer 8

people generate and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward their own opinions and attitudes

Question 9

confirmation bias

Answer 9

people look for info to conform to their hypothesis and ignore info that refutes it

Question 10

potential sources of errors in judgements

Question 11

backfire effect

Answer 11

A person’s support for a particular viewpoint becomes stoner when presented with facts opposing their viewpoint

Question 12

deductive reasoning

Answer 12

determination of whether a conclusion logically follows from statements

Question 13

difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

Answer 13

Inductive starts with specific cases and generalizes to broad statements. deductive starts with a broad principle and to make logical statements about a specific statement or instance

Question 14

validity

Answer 14

quality of syllogism whose conclusions follow from its premise

Question 15

belief bias

Answer 15

tendency to think a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable or that it is invalid if the conclusion is not believable

Question 16

mental model approach

Answer 16

in deductive reasoning determining if syllogisms are valid by creating mental models of situations based on the premises of the syllogism

Question 17

conditional syllogisms

Answer 17

have two premises and a conclusion like categorical syllogism but the first premise has the form if…then

Question 18

wason four card problem

Answer 18

a conditional reasoning task that involves four cards. used to determine the outcomes of conditional reasoning tasks.

Question 19

falsification principle

Answer 19

to test a rule it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

Question 19

expected utility theory

Answer 19

based the idea that people are basically rational

Question 20

expected emotions

Answer 20

emotions people expect they will feel after a desired outcome is reached

Question 21

risk aversion

Answer 21

tendency of avoiding taking risks.

Question 22

incidental emotions

Answer 22

are emotions that are not caused by having to make a decision

Question 23

difference between opt in or opt out

Answer 23

opt in you have to actively do something to get what you want, opt out you are subscribed to something unless you decide not to be enrolled in it.

Question 24

status quo bias

Answer 24

the tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision

Question 25

risk aversion strategy

Answer 25

a decision making strategy that is governed by the idea of avoiding risk

Question 26

risk taking strategy

Answer 26

a decision making strategy governed by the idea of taking risks

Question 27

dual system approach

Answer 27

idea that we have two mental states a fast automatic intuitive system and a slower more deliberative thoughtful system called system 2