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Cultural Psychology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is culture (evolutionary)?

A

Shared information across generations that allows a group to survive and pursue happiness

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2
Q

What is a WEIRD person?

A

White, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic

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3
Q

What is the biggest issue in crosscultural psychology?

A

Most studies are based on WEIRD persons, when they are not the majory of the world population

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4
Q

Which 6 dimensions does the Hofstede model have?

A

Power distance
Individualism/Collectivism
Masculinity/Femininity
Uncertainty avoidance
Long/short term oriëntation
Indulgence

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5
Q

What are criticisms of the Hofstede model?

A

The assessment items are not good/relevant, they have low face validity
The variance between countries is not explained well
Findings do not support expected outcomes
Internal reliability is low in power distance, it might be more part of individualism/collectivism

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6
Q

Who thought of cultural syndromes?

A

Triandis

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7
Q

What are cultural syndromes?

A

A way to describe culture with two axis: individualism/collectivism and equality

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8
Q

Which 4 cultural syndromes did Triandis describe?

A

Vertical collectivism
Horizontal collectivism
Vertical individualism
Horizontal individualism

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9
Q

What do the vertical and horizontal mean in the Triandis model?

A

When a culture is vertical, they accept that some people are more powerful and rich than others
When a culture is horizontal, they emphasize equality

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10
Q

How does culture influence the self?

A

A culture influences if you value independence or interdependence, and how you see yourself related to others

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11
Q

What are criticisms towards the assumption that culture influences the self?

A

It has little empirical support
It uses individual data to make society-wide conclusions
Mediators aren’t stressed enough

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12
Q

Who thought of tight and loose cultures?

A

Gelfand

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13
Q

What does a tight or loose culture mean according to Pelto?

A

A tight culture has strong norms and little tolerance for deviance
A loose culture has weaker norms and more tolerance foir deviance

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14
Q

What might influence how tight/loose a culture is?

A

Cultures that have experiences threat are more likely to be tight

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15
Q

How did Henrich differentiate cultures?

A

Industialized/small scale
Western or not
American or other Westerners
University educated or not

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16
Q

Why are Americans different from other Westeners?

A

Americans are the most individualistic and thid might produce different results from other Western countries

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17
Q

When do people conform the most?

A

When the context is collectivistic

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18
Q

What is post-decisional spread of alternatives?

A

When people will like their chosen option more and the non-chosen option less than before they made a choice

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19
Q

How should you interprate cross-cultural findings?

A

You should look for the most inexpensive explanation (micro-meso-macro)

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20
Q

What is the pen paradigm?

A

When there are 3 identical pens and 1 different one, which one will people choose? This depends on the context and what culture people are from

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21
Q

What is a default strategy?

A

What you do in new contexts with weak contextual cues

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22
Q

What is culture (common description)?

A

A system of rules, norms, learning, problem solving, heritage, traditions and organization of a group

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23
Q

Which environmental factors influence how we live?

A

Deviation form a temperate climate
Population density
Arable land
Proximity and accessibility to other cultures

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24
Q

What is an universal psychological toolkit?

A

Abilities and skills we can use to meet our needs. These consist of cognitive abilities like language, emotions and personality traits

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25
Q

What is shared intentionality?

A

Knowledge about motivations that might influence other peoples behavior

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26
Q

What is the ratchet effect?

A

The fact that humans improve on improvements, even from older generations

27
Q

What makes a human culture different from an animal culture?

A

Human cultures are cumulative and build upon knowledge passed on from older generations, which makes them more complex. We also have the cognitive abilities to teach verbally and institutionalize stuff

28
Q

What are sex roles?

A

Behaviors and patterns of activities people engage in that are direcly related to biological differences and the process of reproduction (like breastfeeding)

29
Q

What are objective elements of culture?

A

Explicit and physical. Architecture, clothes, food, things archeologists study

30
Q

What are subjective elements of culture?

A

Invisible things like attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors

31
Q

What are values?

A

Goals that serve as a guide for behavior. Serve as standards for judging people

32
Q

What are sacred values?

A

Non-negotiable values which usually outweight other values

33
Q

What is a belief?

A

A proposition that is regarded as true

34
Q

What are social axioms?

A

General beliefs about oneself and the world that a culture shares

35
Q

What two social axiom dimensions exist on a cultural level?

A

Dynamic externality, a way to explain life with fate and a supreme being, strong spirituality, usually collectivistic and conservative
Societal cynicism, apprehension or pessimism, the belief that the world produces inevitable negative outcomes

36
Q

What are norms?

A

Accepted standards of behavior

37
Q

What are attitudes?

A

Evaluations of things occurring in thoughts or stored in memory

38
Q

What are cultural worldviews?

A

What beliefs cultures have about the world

39
Q

What is enculturation?

A

The process by which people learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture

40
Q

What are attributions?

A

Beliefs about underlying causes of behavior

41
Q

What is the difference between etic and emic?

A

Etic is an aspect of life that is universal or consistent across different cultures
Emic is an aspect of life that is culture-specific

42
Q

What is validity?

A

The degree to which a measure is accurate and represents what it is supposed to

43
Q

What is reliability?

A

The degree to which a measure is consistent

44
Q

What are cross-cultural validation studies?

A

Studies that examine whether a measure of a construct is equivalent on other cultures

45
Q

What are indigenous cultural studies?

A

Studies that use in-depth descriptions of cultures to test for differences in a psychological variable (a psychological process can only be understood within the cultural context it occurs in)

46
Q

What are cross-cultural comparison studies?

A

Studies that compare two or more cultures on some psychological variable

47
Q

What is an exploratory study?

A

A study designed to examine the existence or cross-cultural similarities and differences, without saying why they exist

48
Q

What are contextual factors?

A

Variables that can explain why a cross-cultural difference occurs

49
Q

What is the difference between structure-oriented and level-oriented studies?

A

Structure-oriented studies focus on comparing contructs, their relationship with other constructs or the measurement of a construct (is depression the same everywhere?) while level-oriented studies focus on the cultural difference in mean level of variables (are dutch people more depressed than italians?)

50
Q

What is an ecological-level study?

A

A study which uses a country or culture as the unit of analysis. Individual data is averaged for a culture

51
Q

What is a multi-level study?

A

A study which uses both individual and ecological data to examine the relationship between them

52
Q

What are unpacking studies?

A

Studies that include measurement of a contextual factor that is considered to produce the cultural differences

53
Q

What is equivalence?

A

When a conceptual meaning is similar in meaning and comparisons are meaningful

54
Q

What is conceptual bias?

A

The degree to which a theory being compared across cultures means the same in both

55
Q

What is method bias?

A

Sampling bias, linguistic bias and procedural bias
Are samples equivalent, are protocols semantically equivalent and do procedures mean the same?

56
Q

What is measurement bias?

A

Are the tests used to collect data equally valid and reliable across cultures?

57
Q

What is response bias?

A

Do people of different cultures use scales differently or do they have a bias?

58
Q

What is interpretational bias?

A

Are the findings practically meaningful? Are the conclusions biased?

59
Q

What is a cultural attribution fallacy?

A

When a researcher claims that between-group differences are cultural when they have no empirical evidence to do so

60
Q

What do the theoretical positions Absolutism, Relativism and Universalism mean regarding cultural differences?

A

Absolutism: psychology is the same everywhere
Relativism: underlying processes are different
Universalism: underlying processes are the same but expression may be different

61
Q

How can you minimize bias in a study?

A

Decentring: making 2 different tools
Pre-testing
Doing field-work
Analyzing data properly

62
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The tendency to view your own group as the standard

63
Q

Why is race not a good descriptor for people?

A

Race is a socially constructed category, subjective and there might be overlap between multiple races

64
Q

What is belief perseverance bias?

A

The tendency to interpret the data in a way that fits your schema’s

Cultural Psychology (7 decks)

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