Week 4

Question 1

Is the Five Factor Model an etic or emic approach, and why?

Answer 1

It’s an etic approach, because etics attempts to find universality. Emic is focused on culture-specific aspects, and the Five Factor Model is considered to be valid around the world

Question 2

Which traits does the Five Factor Model describe?

Answer 2

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism

Question 3

Which 3 things influence traits?

Answer 3

1. Biology, your basic tendencies (OCEAN)
2. Culture, adaptations (differences in how you express it)
3. Self concept

Question 4

What is cross-cultural criticism on the Five Factor Model?

Answer 4

Only 3 traits are replicable across cultures, the Big Five might also miss some traits that are not relevant in the English language

Question 5

What is the downside of the emic approach?

Answer 5

It might overemphasize uniqueness

Question 6

What are different ways to describe a trait? (5)

Answer 6

Behavioral
Situational (she is x but only at y)
Relational (how are they to their husband/friends)
Relation/role (like a sister)
Joint description (we always help each other)

Question 7

What are the 3 extra personality trait clusters that the South African Personality Index added to the Big Five?

Answer 7

Facilitating, integrity and relationship/harmony

Question 8

What are the 3 phases of the South African Personality Index/

Question 9

How does culture influence perception?

Answer 9

People in a culture might be more inclined to look at things holistic (process whole image) or analytic (process only focal aspects)

Question 10

What is dialectical thinking?

Answer 10

The tendency to accept what seems to be contradictions

Question 11

What is naïve dilecticism?

Answer 11

Being able to accept contradicting thoughts or beliefs

Question 12

What is the nativist view to intelligence?

Answer 12

They are inborn and have a strong genetic component

Question 13

What did the Bell Curve propose about intelligence?

Answer 13

It is unchangeable and it determines success in life

Question 14

What is the Flynn-effect?

Answer 14

The phenomenon of rising IQ scores per generation, might be explained by better education (=test familiarity), nutrition and a more stimulating environment

Question 15

Why is there a correlation between IQ and socioeconomic status?

Answer 15

People with low SES have less access to resources, educational opportunities and quality of education

Question 16

What is the low-effort syndrome?

Answer 16

The tendency to put in minimal or no effort at school, in sports, or in life. This may be due to a belief that you’re being discriminated or that what they say it true

Question 17

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 17

Emotions that focus on the self (shame, pride, embarrassment)

Question 18

What is the idea of emotion response system coherence?

Answer 18

The idea that responses from the face, voice and physiology are related to eachother

Question 19

What are emotion antecedents?

Answer 19

Events that elicit an emotion

Question 20

What is front-end calibration of emotions?

Answer 20

Regulating what people become emotional about

Question 21

What is back-end calibration of emotions?

Answer 21

Regulating emotional expressions and behaviors after an emotion is elicited

Question 22

What are general correlations between collectivism/individualism and emotional expression?

Answer 22

In collectivistic cultures there is usually less expressivity
In individualistic cultures there is a higher expressivity for positive emotions in particular

Question 23

How does culture influence emotion recognition in others?

Answer 23

Emotion recognition is influenced by learned decoding rules

Question 24

What is the concept of ingroup advantage?

Answer 24

Individuals can recognize emotions expressed by members of their own culture better (but only when it is voluntary, not spontaneous)

Question 25

What is the “location of emotions”?

Answer 25

When people describe emotions to be located in a certain body part (like the heart or gut)