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A-LEVEL P.E > The Cardiovascular System 1.1 > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium

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2
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

A group of specialised cells located in the wall of the heart which sends electrical impulses to the cardiac muscle causing contractions

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3
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Leaves the right ventricle with deoxygenated blood to go to the lungs

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4
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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5
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood leading to the body

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6
Q

What are the functions of valves?

A
  • They close to prevent backflow of blood
  • Make sure blood flows in one direction
  • They open to allow blood to pass through
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7
Q

What is the role of the AVN node in the cardiac conduction system?

A
  • The AVNode delays the SA node’s electrical signal. Delays the signal by a consistent amount of time (a fraction of a second) each time.
  • Delay ensures that your atria are empty of blood before the contraction stops. (atria are the heart’s upper chambers)
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8
Q

What are the 4 main valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Semi-lunar valves

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9
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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10
Q

Where is the Bicuspid valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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11
Q

What is the septum?

A

A wall of tissue separating the hearts left and right sides

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12
Q

Where are the semi- lunar valves located?

A

Found between the right and left ventricles
Pulmonary artery
Aorta

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13
Q

In what order the the cardiac conduction system occur?

A

SAN - Atrial systole - AVN-Bundle of HIS -Purkinje fibres - Ventricular systole

(Sally always aims balls past vicky)

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14
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Chemoreceptors sense chemical changes

Found in carotid arteries & the aortic arch

During exercise chemoreceptors detect an increase in carbon dioxide

Role of CO2 is important in controlling heart rate

Increased concentration of CO2 in the blood will have effect of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system meaning the heart will beat faster

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15
Q

How does an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood during exercise lead to an increase in breathing rate?

A
  • Detected by chemoreceptors
  • Impulse sent to the respiratory centre/medulla
  • Increased impulse to respiratory muscles to contract faster
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16
Q

How can the cardiovascular drift result in lower levels of performance?

A
  • Athletes will sweat-reducing plasma of blood
  • Blood becomes more viscous (thicker) reducing venous return
  • As stroke volume /ejection fraction decreases heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output
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17
Q

What is the venous return?

A
  • The volume of blood reutrning to the heart via the veins

If venous return increases, then stroke volume will also increase
(If more blood enters the heart then more blood goes out)

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18
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Baroreceptors establish a set point for blood pressure

An increase above or decrease below this set point results in baroreceptors sending signals to the medulla in the brain

Contain nerve endings that respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure

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19
Q

What are Proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors provide information about movement and body position

  • At start of exercise they detect an increase in muscle movement
  • These receptors then send an impulse to the medulla which then sends an impulse through to the sympathetic nervous system to the SAN to increase heart rate
  • However when the parasympathetic system stimulates the SAN heart rate decreases
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20
Q

What is the Neural Control Mechanism?

A

It involves the sympathetic nervous system- Which stimulates the heart to beat faster

And the parasympathetic nervous system- Which returns the heart to its resting level

Sympathetic nervous impulses are sent to the SAN & there is a decrease in parasympathetic nerve impulses so that the heart rate increases

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21
Q

What 2 parts is the nervous system made up of?

A

The CNS (brain & spinal cord)

Peripheral nervous system- consists of nerve cells which transmit information to from the CNS

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22
Q

What are both the CNS and Peripheral nervous system co-ordinated by?

A

Both co-ordinated by the cardiac control centre located in the medulla oblongata of the brain

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23
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A stress hormone that is released by the sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve during exercise causing an increase in heart rate
Results in more blood being pumped to the working muscles so they can receive more oxygen for the energy they need

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24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

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25
Q

Formula for cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x Heart rate

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26
Q

Formula for maximum heart rate?

A

220 - (your age)

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27
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

28
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 bpm

29
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac tissue

30
Q

What is starlings law?

(summarised)

A

Increased venous return - Greater diastolic filling - cardiac muscle stretched - More force of contraction - increased ejection fraction

31
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

An average value of 60% up to 85% following a period of training

32
Q

What is the cardiovascular drift?

A

Cardiovascular drift is characterised by a progressive decrease in Stroke Volume & arterial blood pressure. Together with an increasing HR.

Occurs during prolonged exercise (after 10 mins) in a warm environment, despite intensity of exercise remaining the same

33
Q

When does the cardiovascular drift usually occur?

A

10 minuets of prolonged exercise

34
Q

What is coronary heart disease and how does it occur?

A

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart.​

Disease is when the arteries become blocked or start to narrow because of the gradual buildup of fatty deposits (atheroma).
This process is called atherosclerosis.
Less oxygen can be delivered to the heart, so the heart will have to beat faster to provide the body with oxygen.​

Causes: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of exercise and smoking​

Angina - chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the arteries is restricted.​

If a fatty deposit breaks off it can cause a blood clot and block the artery, this could lead to a heart attack.​

Ways to prevent heart disease: regular exercise (maintains the flexibility of blood vessels ensuring good blood flow to the heart and body)​

​

35
Q

What is a stroke and how does it occur?

A

A stroke is where the blood supply to the brain gets cut off​

Strokes are mostly caused by a blood clot – when the blood is too thick to fit through the blood vessels it causes a blockage and no blood at all can get through​

Regular exercise can reduce your blood pressure which reduces a persons risk of having a stroke as high blood pressure means arteries are more likely to get clogged and cause a stroke​

other factors that increase the risk of stroke is obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes​

36
Q

What is high blood pressure and how is it caused?

A

High blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall.
This pressure comes from the heart as it pumps the blood around the body.

High blood pressure puts extra strain on the arteries and heart, and if left untreated it increases the risk of heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, stroke or dementia.

Regular aerobic exercise can reduce blood pressure- I which can reduce the risk of a heart attack by up to 20%.

37
Q

What are cholestral levels, HDL &LDL?

A

LDL (low density lipoproteins) - transport cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and are classed as bad cholesterol since they are linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Usually in over 60s due to a build up of this. Encouraged to eat things high in statins e.g. grapefruit. Also tablets help to reduce this.​

​

HDL ( high density lipoproteins)- Transport extra cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down. These are classed as good cholesterol since they lower the risk of developing heart disease.

Regular physical activity lowers LDL and increases HDL.

38
Q

What are the two types of circulation in the vascular system?

A

Pulmonary- Deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart

Systemic- Oxygenated blood to the body from the heart and then the return of deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

39
Q

What are the 5 different blood vessles in the pathway to the heart?

A

Heart - Arteries - Arterioles - Capillaries -Venules - Veins - Heart

40
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessle wall

41
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure= blood flow X resistance

42
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

43
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

44
Q

Whats the venous return?

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

  • Up to 70% of the total volume of blood is contained in the veins at rest.
  • Therefore there is a large amount of blood that can be returned to the heart when needed
45
Q

Pressure in the large veins is low – this makes it hard to return blood to the heart. The large lumen offers little resistance to blood flow. What are the venus return mechanisms needed?

A

The skeletal muscle pump
The respiratory pump
Pocket valves

46
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump?

A

When muscles contract and relax they change shape.

This change in shape means that the muscles press on the nearby veins causing a pumping effect and squeeze the blood towards the heart.

This squeezes the blood back to the heart.

47
Q

What is the respiratory pump?

A

When muscles contract during breathing in and out pressure changes occur in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

This compresses nearby veins and assists blood flowing back.​

48
Q

What are pocket valves?

A

Pocket valves close once blood has passed through to prevent blood flowing back. ​

( like normal valves)

49
Q

What are some other factors that aid the venous return?

A

A very thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins - this helps squeeze blood back towards the heart

Gravity helps the blood return to the heart from the upper body

The suction pump action of the heart

50
Q

What is the impact of blood pressure on venous return?

A

When systolic (contract) blood pressure increases, there is also an increase in venous return

When systolic pressure decreases there is a decrease in venous return

51
Q

What is the impact of a pressure gradient between the right atrium and the vena cava on venous return?

A

Blood pressure in both the right atrium & peripheral veins is normally very low = low pressure gradient driving venous return.

Therefore even small changes in the right atrium or peripheral veins can cause a large change in the pressure gradient.

This will significantly affect the return of blood to the right atrium.

52
Q

Explain the transportation of oxygen

A

When fully saturated haemoglobin will carry 4 oxygen molecules

This happens when partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is high

At the tissues, oxygen is released from the oxyhaemoglobin due to lower pressure of oxygen in the tissues – this is known as oxygen dissociation​

In the muscles oxygen is stored by myoglobin – this loves oxygen and will store it for the mitochondria until it is used by the muscles

Mitochondria are the centres in the muscle where aerobic respiration takes place.

53
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output

( during exercise the skeletal muscles require more oxygen so more blood needs to be redirected in order to meet this increase in oxygen demand)

54
Q

What is vasoconstriction and vasolidation?

A

Vasolidation- The widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow into the capillaries

Vasoconstriction - The narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

55
Q

How is blood flow controlled?

A

Both blood pressure and blood flow are controlled by the vasomotor centre which is found in the medulla oblongata of the brain.

Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes e.g. increased carbon dioxide and lactic acids.
They send a signal to the vasomotor centre which redistributes blood flow through
* Vasodilation
* Vasoconstriction

56
Q

How does redirection of blood flow occur?

A

It occurs through stimulation of the sympathetic nerves located in the walls of the blood vessel

57
Q

```

Redistribution of blood is important to…?

A

Increase the supply of oxygen to the working muscles

Remove waste products from the muscles, such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid

Ensure more blood goes to the skin during exercise

Direct more blood to the heart during exercise

58
Q

What is aterio- venous oxygen difference? (A-VO2 diff)

A

The difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles.

59
Q

What is respiration?

A

The taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide

60
Q

What does respiration include?

A

Ventilation
External Respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration

61
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Getting air into and out of the lungs

62
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange between the lungs and blood
Transport of gases

63
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of gases between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells

64
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose

65
Q

What is the order of the pathway in respiration?

A

Nose/mouth
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

66
Q

What are the 3 properties of the alveoli that help during gaseous exchange?

(THINK BOG)

A

B- Big surface area
O- One cell thick
G- Good blood supply

67
Q

What suggestions are there as to why the cardio vascular drift happens?

A
  • When we sweat, a portion of this lost fluid comes from the plasma volume
  • This decrease in plasma volume will reduce venous return & stroke volume

A-LEVEL P.E (13 decks)

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