Local/Regional Anesthesia Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some of the benefits of choosing local anesthesia over general anesthesia?

A

(Ruminants are poor candidates for general anesthesia, general anesthesia is expensive, and there is a lower risk of toxic effects if you pursue local anesthesia)

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2
Q

Why are ruminants poor candidates for general anesthesia?

A

(Regurg, bloat, muscle damage/compartment syndrome)

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3
Q

What is the duration of action for lidocaine?

A

(1-3 hours)

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4
Q

What is the duration of action of bupivacaine?

A

(Up to 6 hours)

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5
Q

What are the toxic doses for lidocaine in cattle versus small ruminants?

A

(Cattle → 10 mg/kg, small ruminants → 5mg/kg)

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6
Q

The potency and duration of activity of local anesthetic can be increased by adding what drug?

A

(Epinephrine)

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lidocaine?

A

(Lidocaine blocks the fast voltage-gated sodium channels in neuronal cell membranes and with enough blockage, those sodium channels will not open and an action potential will not be generated)

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8
Q

What needle size and length should be used for an inverted L block?

A

(18g, 1.5 inch, may need longer for fat cattle)

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9
Q

Why are inverted L blocks not a first choice in small ruminants?

A

(You need a lot of lidocaine, can be hard to do with their lower toxic dose)

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10
Q

What nerves are being targeted with a distal paravertebral block?

A

(T13, L1, and L2)

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11
Q

What vertebrae are used as landmarks in a distal paravertebral block?

A

(L1, L2, and L4)

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12
Q

How much lidocaine should be placed in each site for a distal paravertebral block in cattle?

A

(10-20mls, will end up being 60-120 mls of lidocaine total)

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13
Q

What vertebrae are used as landmarks in a proximal paravertebral block?

A

(L1, L2, and L3, need should enter at the cranial edge of each vertebrae and you are targeting where the nerve root emerge from the intervertebral foramen)

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14
Q

What spine space are you aiming for in an caudal epidural?

A

(S5-C1)

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15
Q

Explain the hang and drop technique that is useful for caudal epidural anesthesia in cattle.

A

(If you are in the right spot with your needle, if you place a drop of lidocaine in the hub it will be drawn into the needle, then you can attach your syringe and anesthetic can be pushed easily)

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16
Q

High volume caudal epidurals are a replacement for what other block that is used for abdominal, udder, and urogenital surgeries as well as c-sections?

A

(Lumbosacral block → still used in small ruminants and swine since high volume caudal epidurals are not successful in those species but good for cattle)

17
Q

How do you find the site of injection for a lumbosacral epidural?

A

(You go just caudal to the spinous process of L6 in swine or draw a line between the wings of the ileum and go just caudal to that line)

18
Q

What needle size and length is used for retrobulbar eye blocks?

A

(18 g 6 inch spinal needle)

19
Q

What nerves are blocked when using a Peterson eye block?

A

(Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and trigeminal)

20
Q

What are your two block options for teat anesthesia?

A

(Ring or V-block)