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MSK > Gross Anatomy of Upper Limb > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the upper limb?

A

scapular region
extensor compartment of arm and forearm
dorsum of hand
pectoral region
flexor compartment of arm, forearm, and palm
joints of upper limb

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2
Q

What makes up the pectoral (shoulder) girdle?

A

clavicle and scapulae

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the pectoral girdle?

A

attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
provide attachment sites for muscles that move the upper limbs
holds the upper extremity to the skeleton

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4
Q

Where does the flattened acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle articulate?

A

the scapula - the acromial process

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5
Q

Where does the cone-shaped sternal (medial) end of the clavicle articulate?

A

the sternum

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the clavicle (collarbones)?

A

act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally

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7
Q

Where is the scapulae located?

A

the dorsal (posterior) surface of the rib cage between ribs 2-7

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8
Q

How many bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb?

A

30

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9
Q

What are the bones of the upper limb?

A

upper arm - humerus
forearm - radius and ulna
hand/wrist - 8 carpal bones in the wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in the palm, 14 phalanges in the fingers

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10
Q

Where does the humerus articulate?

A

superiorly with the glenoid cavity of scapula and inferiorly with the radius and ulna

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11
Q

Which bone in the forearm is medial?

A

ulna

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12
Q

Which bone in the forearm is lateral?

A

radius

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the ulna?

A

forms major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus

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14
Q

Where does the head of the radius articulate?

A

the capitulum of humerus and radial notch of the ulna

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15
Q

What connects the radius and ulna?

A

interosseous membrane

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16
Q

What is maids elbow?

A

dislocation of the elbow

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17
Q

What is the distal row of the carpal bones from lateral to medial?

A

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

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18
Q

What is the proximal row of the carpal bones from lateral to medial?

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

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19
Q

Which carpal bones articulate with radius to form the wrist joint?

A

scaphoid and lunate

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20
Q

What are the 3 phalanges?

A

distal, middle, and proximal

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21
Q

What is the pollex?

A

thumb

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22
Q

What finger does not have a middle phalanx

A

thumb

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the deep fascia of the arm?

A

sends out strong intermuscular septa to the corresponding supracondylar line
divides arm into 2 distinct compartments - anterior/posterior

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24
Q

What is deep fascia of the anterior wrist?

A

flexor retinaculum

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25
Q

What is the deep fascia of the posterior wrist?

A

extensor retinaculum

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26
Q

What is the deep fascia of the palm?

A

palmar aponeurosis

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27
Q

What is the brachial plexus formed by?

A

ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1

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28
Q

What are the major branches of the brachial plexus?

A

roots
trunks
divisions
cords

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29
Q

What are the roots of the brachial plexus?

A

C5-C8 and T1

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30
Q

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

upper, middle, lower

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31
Q

What are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

A

anterior and posterior

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32
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

A

lateral, medial, posterior

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33
Q

Where does the axillary nerve wrap around?

A

the surgical neck of the humerus with the post circumflex humeral artery

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34
Q

What does the axillary nerve innervate?

A

deltoid
teres minor
skin over deltoid region
joint capsule of the shoulder

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35
Q

What are the roots of the axillary nerve?

A

C5 and C6

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36
Q

What is the cord of the axillary nerve?

A

posterior cord

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37
Q

What are the roots of the radial nerve?

A

C5-C8 and T1

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38
Q

What is the cord of the radial nerve?

A

posterior cord

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39
Q

What does the radial nerve wrap around?

A

the shaft of the humerus to the lateral epicondyle

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40
Q

What are the 2 branches of the radial nerve?

A

deep and superficial

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41
Q

What does the deep branch of the radial nerve supply?

A

extensor muscles of the forearm

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42
Q

What does the superficial branch of the radial nerve supply?

A

skin over the lateral 3 and 1/2 fingers

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43
Q

What nerve does the deep artery of the arm accompany?

A

radial nerve

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44
Q

What nerve does the post circumflex humeral arty accompany?

A

axillary nerve

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45
Q

What does the axillary artery begin as?

A

continuation of 3rd part of subclavian artery

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46
Q

What does the axillary artery become?

A

brachial artery

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47
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

A

first part: sup thoracic artery
second part: thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, alar thoracic (occasionally)
third part: subscapular, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral

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48
Q

What is venous drainage?

A

carry blood towards the heart

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49
Q

What vein do we draw blood from?

A

median cubital vein

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50
Q

What is the most common vein?

A

median cubital vein

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51
Q

What is the cephalic vein a continuation of?

A

lateral end of dorsal venous arch

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52
Q

Where does the cephalic vein terminate?

A

subclavian vein

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53
Q

Where does the basilic vein drain?

A

brachial vein

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54
Q

Explain the dorsal venous arch.

A

Radial end of the arch continues proximally as cephalic vein and terminates as axillary vein
ulnar end continues as the basilic vein, joins the brachial vein and then the axillary vein

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55
Q

What are the muscles of the scapular region

A

deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
teres major

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56
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

57
Q

What are the 3 heads of the triceps brachii?

A

lateral head
long head
medial head (deep)

58
Q

What are the 3 anatomical spaces in the scapular region?

A

quadrangular
lower triangular
upper triangular

59
Q

What are the borders of the quadrangular space?

A

Above: teres minor
Below: teres major
Medially: long head of triceps
Laterally: surgical neck of humerus

60
Q

What passes through the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve
post circumflex humeral vessels

61
Q

What are the borders of the upper triangular space?

A

Above: teres minor
Below: teres major
Laterally: long head of triceps

62
Q

What passes through the upper triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular vessels and branches of subscapular vessels

63
Q

What are the borders of the lower triangular space?

A

Above: teres major
Medially: long head of triceps
Laterally: shaft of the humerus

64
Q

What passes through the lower triangular space?

A

radial nerve
deep artery and vein of arm

65
Q

What muscles cross the elbow joint?

A

posterior extensor muscle - triceps brachii and anconeus

66
Q

What muscles are part of the lateral group of the extensor muscles of the forearm?

A

brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis

67
Q

What muscles are part of the posterior group of the extensor muscles of the forearm?

A

extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris

68
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the extensor muscles of the forearm?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris

69
Q

What muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm take origin from the lateral epicondyle of humerus?

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris

70
Q

What muscles are part of the deep group of extensor muscles of forearm?

A

supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor polliis longus
extensor indicis

71
Q

What is dequervain tenosynovitis?

A

inflammation of APL and EPB tendons due to repeated use - usually seen in mothers who are picking up/holding their babies

72
Q

What nerves are involved in Erb-Duchenne Paralysis?

A

Erbs point which is the upper trunk, C5, C6 roots

73
Q

What is the mode of injury for Erb’s paralysis?

A

traction of infants arm during birth
severe fall on the side of the head and shoulder

74
Q

What is the effect of Erb’s paralysis?

A

weakness of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction, flexion and external rotation (policeman’s tip hand)

75
Q

What nerves are involved in klumpke’s paralysis?

A

lower trunk of brachial plexus, C8 and T1 roots

76
Q

What is the mode of injury for klumpke’s paralysis?

A

forcible breech delivery, leading to upward traction of the arm

77
Q

What is the effect of klumpke’s paralysis?

A

intrinsic muscles of the hand are affected leading to claw hand

78
Q

What nerve is involved in wrist drop?

A

radial nerve

79
Q

What is the mode of injury for wrist drop?

A

fracture shaft of humerus in the region of spiral groove
compression of the nerve against the spiral groove by placing the outstretched hand/arm on an arm-chair (saturday night palsy)

80
Q

What are the muscles of the pectoral region?

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
subclavius
serratus anterior

81
Q

What is winged scapula?

A

action of serratus anterior is antagonized by the contractions of rhomboids and middle fibers of trapezius

82
Q

How does winged scapula happen?

A

paralysis of serratus anterior - long thoracic nerve lesion

83
Q

What muscles are part of the flexor compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii
coracobrachialis
brachialis

84
Q

What are the 2 heads of the biceps?

A

long head
short head

85
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the flexor compartment of forearm?

A

pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialis

86
Q

What are the deep muscles of the flexor compartment of the forearm?

A

flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
pronator quadratus

87
Q

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

control precise movements of metacarpals and fingers
adductors and abductors of the fingers
produce opposition

88
Q

what is the one subcutaneous intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

palmaris brevis

89
Q

What are the 3 groups of deeper muscles of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

thenar eminence
hypothenar eminenece
midpalmar muscles

90
Q

What muscles are part of the thenar eminence?

A

flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis

91
Q

What muscles are part of the hypothenar eminence?

A

flexor digiti minimi
abductor digiti minimi
opponens digiti minimi

92
Q

What muscles are part of the midpalmar muscles?

A

adductor pollicis
lumbricals
palmar and dorsal interossei

93
Q

What are some details of the palmaris brevis?

A

muscle that lies in the sub Q tissue
does not have any bony attachments

94
Q

Where do the lumbricals originate from?

A

tendons of the digitorum profundus

95
Q

What are the deep fascia of the flexor side of the arm?

A

flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis

96
Q

What is the flexor retinaculum?

A

strong fibrous band

97
Q

What is the function of the flexor retinaculum?

A

acts as a tie-beam and converts the anterior concave surface of the carpus into an osseofibrous carpal tunnel

98
Q

What does the tunnel of the flexor retinaculum contain?

A

digital flexor tendons and median nerve

99
Q

What structures pass superficial to the retinaculum?

A

palmaris longus tendon
palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve
palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve
superficial palmar branch of radial artery
ulnar nerve and vessels

100
Q

What is the palmar aponeurosis?

A

central part is thick and protects the underlying long flexor tendons from bow-stringing

101
Q

What is dupuytrens contracture?

A

thickening of palmar aponeurosis on the ulnar side (most commonly affected)

102
Q

What is the pulp space?

A

space between palmar skin and distal phalanges comprised of tendon and fatty tissue

103
Q

What is a felon?

A

infection of the pulp space
needs to be treated immediately in order to not infect the bone

104
Q

How is the pulp space created?

A

skin is connected to the periosteum of the distal phalanx by numerous radiating fibrous septa subdividing the space into a number of tight compartments

105
Q

What are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A

C5-C7

106
Q

What cord is the musculocutaneous nerve derived from?

A

lateral cord

107
Q

What does the musculocutaneous nerve continue as below the elbow?

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

108
Q

What is the most common area of injury for the ulnar nerve?

A

elbow

109
Q

What are the roots of the ulnar nerve?

A

C7, C8, T1

110
Q

What cord is the ulnar nerve derived from?

A

medial cord

111
Q

What does the ulnar nerve become at the medial epicondyle?

A

a cutaneous nerve

112
Q

What accompanies the ulnar nerve?

A

ulnar artery

113
Q

What are the roots of the median nerve?

A

C6-C8, T1

114
Q

What cords of the brachial plexus for the median nerve?

A

medial and lateral cords

115
Q

What is the deep palmar arch mostly formed by?

A

radial artery

116
Q

What is the superficial palmar arch mostly formed by?

A

ulnar artery

117
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint?

A

multi-axial ball-and-sockey type of synovial joint

118
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the shoulder joint?

A

head of humerus
glenoid cavity of scapula (deepened by glenoidal labrum)

119
Q

What are the ligaments of the shoulder joint?

A

fibrous capusle
gleno-humeral ligaments
glenoidal labrum
coraco-humeral ligament
transverse humeral ligament

120
Q

What is the function of the glenoid labrum?

A

deepens glenoid cavity allowing for more stabilization

121
Q

What are bursae?

A

part of synovial joint
fluid filled sacs

122
Q

What are the bursae in relation to the shoulder joint?

A

subscapular bursa
infrascapular bursa
subacromial bursa
synovial sheath around the long tendon of biceps

123
Q

What is the arterial supply of the shoulder joint?

A

anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery

124
Q

What is the nerve supply of the shoulder joint?

A

axillary nerve
suprascapular nerve
lateral pectoral nerve

125
Q

In regards to the shoulder, what is dislocation and how does it happen?

A

common due to laxity of the ligaments and disproportionate articular surfaces
inferior or subglenoid dislocation is common

126
Q

What is painful arc syndrome?

A

characterized by chronic thickening of the tendon of the supraspinatus and its impingement against the coraco-acromial arch

127
Q

What is frozen shoulder?

A

results from tendonitis involving rotator cuff

128
Q

What 9 muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on and move the humerus?

A

pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
coracobrachialis
teres major

129
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

hinge joint (2 movements possible), synovial joint

130
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the elbow joint?

A

Humero-ulnar part: formed by trochlea of humerus and the trochlear notch of ulna
Humero-radial part: formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius

131
Q

What are the ligaments of the elbow joint?

A

fibrous/articular capsule
ulnar collateral (medial) ligament
radial collateral (lateral) ligament
annular ligament

132
Q

Where are the bursae in relation to the elbow joint?

A

between the triceps tendon and capusle of the joint
subcutaneous bursa on the dorsal triangular surface of olecranon process
between the biceps tendon and radial tuberosity

133
Q

What is the arterial supply of the elbow joint?

A

anastomosis around elbow joint

134
Q

What is the nerve supply of the elbow joint?

A

musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar nerves

135
Q

In regards to the elbow, what is dislocation and how/where does it occur?

A

disrupts the triangular relationship between 2 humeral epicondyles and the olecranon process

136
Q

What is supra-condylar fracture?

A

does not disrupt the triangular relationship between 2 humeral epicondyles and the olecranon process

137
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

tear of the radial collateral ligament

138
Q

What is the mode of injury of tennis elbow?

A

abrupt pronation during tennis play

139
Q
A

MSK (11 decks)

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