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ANAT 315 - human musculoskeletal > intro to the ns > Flashcards

intro to the ns Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 functions of the nervous system?

A

Receive & Respond
1) receive and process information (stimuli) from the environment (internal/external)

2)COORDINATE & carry out an appropriate action to RESPOND to those stimuli

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2
Q

Identify and define the major components of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
-brain (encephalon) & spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-all nerves OUTSIDE CNS

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3
Q

Somatic VS Visceral (autonomic) NS

A

Automatic NS
-stimuli largely external (ex: touch, vibration)
-voluntary response (ex: movement)

Visceral (autonomic) NS
-stimuli largely internal (ex: body temp, HR)
-involuntary responses (ex: control over smooth muscles)

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4
Q

What functions does the somatic NS control?

A

Control of the sensory & motor FUNCTIONS

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5
Q

Give examples of ‘inbound’ stimuli

A

‘inbound’ stimuli (PNS) are sensory/afferent

Autonomic sensory
-HR
-hunger

Somatic sensory
-hot/cold
-poke

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6
Q

Give examples of ‘outbound’ stimuli

A

‘outbound’ stimuli (PNS) are motor/efferent

Automatic motor
-gland secretion
-vasodilation

Somatic motor
-muscle contraction
-join mvmt

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7
Q

What is the basic cellular unit of the NS?

A

Neuron

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8
Q

Describe the direction of info across the cell

A

-Neuron communicate through CHAIN-LIKE connections
-Info traveling along neurons is UNIDRECTIONNAL

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9
Q

What is myelin?

A

Sheath of fat that ensures insulation to increase the speed of ELECTRICAL IMPULSES

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10
Q

Function of the dendrite

A

Receive info
usually short

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11
Q

Function of the cell body

A

Process information

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12
Q

Function of the axon

A

Relay information in the form of electricity
*long

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13
Q

Function of the synapse

A

Passes info to other nerves or EFFECTOR organs (tissue) via chemical signals

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14
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of sensory & motor AXONS
all parts in periphery area (PNS) are mixed

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15
Q

Spinal nerve VS Spinal cord

A

Spinal cord
-CNS
-longitudinal nerve tissue in the spinal canal

Spinal nerve
-PNS
-convergence of the roots emerging from the spinal cord

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16
Q

What is contained in the posterior (dorsal) root ganglion of a spinal cord?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion contains sensory neuron cell bodies for a spinal nerve

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17
Q

What is contained in the ventral horn of a spinal cord

A

Ventral horn contains motor neuron cell bodies for a spinal nerve

18
Q

motor neuron cell bodies VS sensory neuron cell bodies
location

A

Motor neuron cell bodies
-in the posterior (dorsal) root GANGLION

Sensory neuron cell bodies
-in the ventral HORN

19
Q

Describe the process b which sensory and motor info travels along the spinal nerve

A

in the DOR(sal) out the VENT(ral)
…

20
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

one neuron that innervates multiple myofibers

Motor units often work tgt

21
Q

What are rootlets?

A

axon bundles from sensory neurons (post) & motor neurons (ant)
closest to the spinal cord)

22
Q

What are roots?

A

convergence of the rootlets

23
Q

Define rami

A

first SPLIT of the spinal nerve into
-intrinciback back muscle & associated skin (post rami)
-everything else (ant rami)

sing = ramus (branch)

24
Q

Posterior (dorsal) ramus VS Anterior (ventral) ramus

A

Posterior ramus Innervates
-skin of the back
-intrinsic back muscles

Anterior ramus innervates
-everything else

25
Q

Identify the different sulcus on the spinal cord?

A

Lateral sulcus (2 postro/2 antero)
Median sulcus (posterior/anterior)

26
Q

What differs the sulcuses from the fissure on the spinal cord?

A

The anterior median fissure contains the anterior spinal artery supplying the spinal cord

27
Q

True or False?
A sensory nerve can sometimes be used as a motor nerve (vice-versa)

A

True
A sensory nerve can sometimes be used as a motor nerve (vice-versa) but it’s main role is to be its designated nerve function

28
Q

What are the enlargements of the spinal cord and what do they correspond with?

A

Cervical enlargement
-Brachial plexus (C5-T1)

Lumbar enlargement
- Lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)

29
Q

Describe the emergence of the spinal nerves from the spinal cord

A

The spinal nerves emerge at REGULAR INTERVALS from superior to inferior

30
Q

How are spinal nerve pairs (segmental) named?

A

Thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5) & coccygeal nerve(1) :
-Named after the vertebra superior to them

Cervical nerves (8)
-Named after the vertebra inferior to them

EXCEPTION: spinal nerve C8 (btw C7-T1)

31
Q

Where does the spinal cord end at different stages of growth?

A

In embryo: spinal cord fills the length of the vertebral column

At birth: spinal cord ends at L3

Adult: spinal cord ends at L1/L2

32
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

End of the spinal cord

33
Q

What is the Cauda equina?

A

axons of inferior spinal nerve (L4-coccygeal nerve)
literally means horse tails

34
Q

Describe the layers of the meninges & their associated spaces?

A

Dura mater
-outermost, dense, strong fibrous membrane
-subdural space (under)
-extra/epidural space (over)

Arachnoid
-middle,layer,delicate,impermeable membrane
-subarachnoid space

Pia mater
-innermost,vascular,covering surface of brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What is the filum terminale derived from?

A

The pia mater
surrounded by cauda equina

36
Q

What circulates in the subarachnoid space?

A

The cerebrospinal fluid

37
Q

What is the addendum of the spinal cord composed of?

A

-Denticulate ligaments: lateral extensions between spinal nerves of the pia mater that attach to the dura mater

-Filum terminale: one caudal projection to the coccyx

38
Q

True or false?
Each spinal nerve will have a discrete area of sensory innervation or will innervate a specific set of muscles

A

False?
Each spinal nerve will have a discrete area of sensory innervation AND will innervate a specific set of muscles

39
Q

What’s a dermatome?

A

area/region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

40
Q

What’s a myotome?

A

a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

ANAT 315 - human musculoskeletal (13 decks)

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