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biology mrs champion > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A
  • A disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal or object
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2
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A
  • A disease that can NOT be spread from person to person
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3
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A

1) Virus
2) Bacteria
3) Fungi
4) Protoctista

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4
Q

Explain bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotes
  • Do not have membrane bound organelles
  • Classified by either their shape or cell walls
  • Basic shapes can be : rod shaped, spherical, comma shaped spiralled and corkscrew
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5
Q

What do the 2 cells walls react differently with?

A
  • Gram positive bacteria (purple-blue)
  • Gram negative bacteria (red)
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6
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Non-living form of a pathogen
  • Invade living cells
  • Reproduce rapidly
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7
Q

What are viruses that attack bacteria called?

A
  • Bacteriophage
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8
Q

What is protoctista?

A
  • Group of eukaryotic organisms with a wide variety of feeding methods
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9
Q

What do pathogenic protists need?

A
  • A vector to transfer them to their hosts
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10
Q

What is fungi?

A
  • Eukaryotic organisms that are often multi-cellular
  • Cant photosynthesise or digest food extracellarly before absorbing the nutrients
  • Many fungi are saprophytes which means they feed on dead and decaying matter
  • Some fungi are parasitic, feed on living plants and animals
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11
Q

How do pathogens damage the host cell directly (make us ill)

A
  • Protoctista take over cells
  • Viral genetic material gets into host cell and is inserted into the host DNA
    -Virus then uses host cells to make new viruses which burst out the cell, spread and infect
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12
Q

How does producing toxins which damage the host tissues make us ill (bacteria)

A
  • Damage cell membranes
  • Inactivates enzymes
  • Interferes with genetic material so cells cannot divide
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13
Q

How does producing toxins which damage the host tissues make us ill (fungi)

A
  • Fungi produce toxins which affect host cells
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14
Q

What is malaria?

A
  • Vector-born disease
  • Spreads to humans through female mosquitoes
  • Feed on blood
  • Are parasites
  • Symptoms include fever, sweats, vomiting, headaches
  • Drugs to prevent plasmodium infecting humans
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15
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A
  • Bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium
  • Affects lungs by destroying lung tissue
  • Symptoms include coughing, weight loss, tired, chest pain
  • Treated using antibiotics , TB vaccine, improved living conditions
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16
Q

What is influenza?

A
  • Viral infection of nose, throat and lungs
  • Symptoms include, sore throat, runny nose, fever, muscle pain
  • No cure but goes away on own
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17
Q

What is athletes foot and ring-worm?

A
  • Fungal infection
  • Highly contagious
  • Transferred via direct contact with infected people or pets
  • Symptoms include itchy, dry, red rash, cracked skin, hair loss
  • Treated by anti-fungal cream
18
Q

What is meningitis?

A
  • Bacterial disease
  • Symptoms include headache, rash, vomiting, high temp
  • Treated by antibiotics
  • Prevent by vaccine, avoiding close contact and exchanging body fluids
19
Q

What is HIV?

A
  • Virus
  • Attacks body’s immune system
  • Symptoms, weight loss, cough, high temp, weight loss
  • Prevent by using protection
  • Antiretroviral therapy
20
Q

What are the types of disease transmission?

A

1) Inoculation= From animal bite, puncture wound, break in skin (sex)
2) Direct contact= Body fluids like kissing, STD’s, skin contact
3) Fomites= Inanimate objects like bedding, socks, eating contaminated food/drink

4) Droplet infection= droplets of saliva, mucus expelled from mouth when talking, coughing or sneezing
5) Vectors= transmits communicable pathogens from 1 host to another

21
Q

What factors lead to diseases?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Poor disposal of waste
  • Climate change
  • Poor nutrition
  • Culture
  • Socioeconmic factors
22
Q

What is the transmission of diseases between plants?

A
  • Wind = bacteria, fungal diseases may be carried in the wind
  • Animals = insects and birds carry pathogens from 1 to another when they feed
  • Water= spores swim in surface film of water on leaves, raindrop splashes carry pathogens
  • Humans = pathogens and spores are transmitted by hands, fomites transporting plants and crops
23
Q

What is ring rot?

A
  • Disease spread is largely by infected seed potato tubers
  • Direct contact can spread infection
  • Caused by a bacterium
  • Discoloured, cheese-like ooze emerges, skin of potato cracks
24
Q

What is potato/tomato blight?

A
  • Disease caused by a Protoctist
  • Spreads rapidly in the foliage and tubers or fruit of potatoes and tomatoes in wet weather
  • Rain can wash spores into soil and infect young tubers
  • Potatoes shrivel and turn brown, fine white fungal growth, brown lesions may develop
  • Tomatoes may have brown patches and decay rapidly
  • No cure but chemical treatment reduces infection
25
Q

What is black Sigatoka?

A
  • Fungus, black leaf streak
  • Causes reductions in leaf area, premature ripening
  • Controlled with frequent applications of fungicides and cultural practices and removal of affected leaves
26
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A
  • Virus is very easily transmitted when an infected leaf rubs against a leaf of a healthy plants by contaminated tools
  • Symptoms include mosaic mottling, leaf curling, yellowing of plant tissues
  • Causes poor yield, delayed fruit ripening, distorted fruits
  • No cure but disease restraints do exists
27
Q

Explain the immune response in each step

A

STEP 1 = Inflammation

  • Mast cells activate and release HISTAMINES and CYTOKINES
  • Histamines dilate blood vessels and make them leaky
  • Cytokines attract phagocytes (white blood cells)
28
Q

Explain the immune response in each step

A

STEP 2 = Phagocytosis

  • 2 types of specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens = neutrophils and macrophages

1) Pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes
2) Phagocytes recognise non-human proteins on pathogen
3) Phagocyte ENGULFS pathogen and encloses it in a vacuole called a PHAGOSOME
4) The phagosome combines with a lysosome = PHAGOLYSOSOME
5) Enzymes from lysosome digest and destroy pathogen

  • Macrophage now becomes an antigen-presenting cell
29
Q

Explain the immune response in each step

A

STEP 3 - Cell Mediated Immunity

  • Macrophage engulfs and digests pathogens in phagocytosis forming an antigen-presenting cell
  • Receptors on T-helper cells activate and produce INTERLEUKINS (stimulates more cells to divide by mitosis)
30
Q

Explain the immune response in each step

A

STEP 4 - Humoral Immunity

1) Activated T-helper cells bind to B-cell APC = clonal selection (complimentary to antigen)
2) Interleukins produced by activated T-helper cells activate B-cells
3) Activated B-cell divides by mitosis to give clones of plasma cells and B-memory cells = CLONAL EXPANSION
4) Cloned plasma cells produce antibodies, bind to antigens and disable them = primary immune response
5) If body is attacked by same pathogen, antibodies wipe out pathogen before it causes symptoms of the disease = secondary immune response

31
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A
  • In the bone marrow
32
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A
  • In the thymus gland
33
Q

What do T-helper cells do?

A
  • CD4 receptors on cell surface membrane bind to antigens on APC’s = produces interleukins
34
Q

What do T-killer cells do?

A
  • Destroy pathogen carrying antigen = produces PERFOIN
35
Q

What do T-memory cells do?

A
  • Part of the immunological memory
  • Divide rapidly to form lots of T-killer cell clones
36
Q

What do T-regulator cells do?

A
  • Suppress immune system, prevents autoimmunity
37
Q

What is active immunity

A
  • When an antigen enters the body triggering a specific immune response
  • Naturally happens through exposure to microbes
  • Artificially happens through vaccinations
38
Q

What is passive immunity

A
  • Passive immunity happens without an immune response. Antibodies are not produced by the infected person
  • Artificial passive immunity occurs when people are given an injection of the antibodies
  • Natural passive immunity occurs when baby receives breast milk from mothers, delivering a certain type of antibody
39
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
  • Happens when a large amount of the population has been vaccinated and therefore immune, makes it hard for pathogen to spread
40
Q

What is ring immunity?

A
  • Another way in which mass vaccination programmes work
  • People living/working near a vulnerable or infected person are vaccinated to prevent them from catching the disease
  • Vaccinated individuals dont spread the pathogen
41
Q

What is a vaccine?

A
  • Antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity
  • Given by injection
42
Q

How are microorganisms and plants a source of medicine?

A
  • Bacteria and fungi have provided many antibiotics
  • Plants have been a major source of drugs for hundreds of years
  • However, microorganisms and plants may go extinct before we have a chance to discover what drugs they can provide as it affects biodiversity

biology mrs champion (5 decks)

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