1 The nature and variety of living organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Define eukaryotic cells

A

a type of cell found in animal, plant, fungi and protoctist cells that contain a nucleus

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2
Q

Define prokaryotic cells

A

a type of cell found in bacteria/ prokaryotes that don’t contain a nucleus

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3
Q

What is the acronym that all living things must meet to be classed as living?

A

MRS H GREN

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4
Q

What does M stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Movement

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5
Q

What does R stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Respiration

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6
Q

What does S stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Sensitivity and ability to respond to changes to environment (stimuli)

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7
Q

What does H stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

What does G stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Growth (increasing mass and/ or volume by cellular division)

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9
Q

What does R stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Reproduction

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10
Q

What does E stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Excretion

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11
Q

What does N stand for in MRS H GREN?

A

Nutrition

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12
Q

What does an animal cell contain

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus

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13
Q

What characteristics do/can the organisms in the animal kingdom have?

A

All multicellular, obtain nutrients by eating other organisms, no chloroplasts, no cell wall, have a nervous system to respond to its environment and stores carbohydrates as glycogen

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14
Q

What does a plant cell contain

A

cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, vacuole, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts

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15
Q

What characteristics do/can the organisms in the plant kingdom have?

A

All multicellular, obtain nutrients by photosynthesizing so also have chloroplasts to do this, have a cell wall made of cellulose and store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

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16
Q

What does a fungi cell contain

A

body organised into mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae, contain many nuclei, cell wall made of chitin

17
Q

What characteristics do/can the organisms in the fungi kingdom have?

A

Can be multicellular or unicellular (yeast), some have a reproductive structure (mushroom or toadstool), feed by saprotrophic nutrition, cells do not have chloroplasts but do have a cell wall made of chitin and can contain more than one nucleus and store carbohydrates as glycogen

18
Q

what does a bacteria cell contain

A

nucleiod, plasmids, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, slime capsule, flagellum

19
Q

What characteristics do/can the organisms in the prokaryotic/bacteria kingdom have?

A

All unicellular and very small, prokaryotic so do not contain membrane bound organelles like a nucleus, genetic material in the cytoplasm as a single circular chromosome, can have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, can have a slime capsule outside of the cell wall, can have plasmids (circles of DNA containing extra genes), can have a flagellum for movement

20
Q

What characteristics do/can the organisms in the protoctista kingdom have?

A

All unicellular (made of a single cell), some photosynthesize, others feed on living or organic remains, cells can have chloroplasts, cell walls and a flagella, lots of variation (dustbin kingdom - the kingdom where single celled organisms are put that done meet all of the characteristics of other kingdoms so are placed here)

21
Q

what organisms are multicellular?

A

Plants, Animals

22
Q

what organisms are single-celled?

A

Fungi, Protoctists, Bacteria

23
Q

what does a virus contain

A

It is not a cell as it is not a living organism:
DNA or RNA strand, envelope with attachment proteins, protein coat

24
Q

Why are viruses not classed as being living?

A

Do not meet any requirements of MRS H GREN/ do not respire.
Not cells or made up of cells and cannot reproduce themselves

25
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Enter host cell, take over the cell by making cells enzymes and ribosomes to make new viruses and then the cell dies, allowing the viruses that have been made by the cells to infect other cells

26
Q

examples of a virus

A

~HIV - causes AIDS
~Covid 19
~Ebola
~Influezna - causes flu
~Tobacco mosaic virus - makes leaves of tobacco plants discoloured by preventing formation of chloroplasts
~HPV

27
Q

examples of bacteria

A

~lactobacillus bulgaricus - rod shaped bacterium used in production of yoghurt from milk
~Pneumococcus - spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

28
Q

examples of protoctists

A

~chlorella - has chloroplasts (features like plant cell)
~amoeba - lives in pond water (features like animal cell)
~plasmodium - causes malaria

29
Q

examples of fungi

A

~yeast - unicellular
~mucor - typical hyphae structure

30
Q

examples of animals

A

~Mammals - humans
~insects - houseflies, mosquitos

31
Q

What is a leguminous plant?

A

Contain mutualistic nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules on their roots e.g. beans and peas

32
Q

Example of a flowering plant

A

cereal e.g. maize

33
Q

What is a mosquito?

A

animal (insect) that acts as a vector that carries plasmodium (protoctist) that causes malaria

34
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a microorganism that causes disease/ harm to host. All viruses are pathogens

35
Q

what are some examples of pathogens?

A

Protoctist: Plasmodium causes malaria
Bacterium: Pneumococcus cause pneumonia
Viruses: Influenza virus causes flu and HIV

36
Q

what is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

extracellular nutrition in which digestive enzymes are secreted onto food outside of cell to break large complex molecules down into smaller more soluble molecules and products of digestion are absorbed by decomposer e.g. proteins into amino acids