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2 Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Converts light energy into stored chemical energy used by organism for respiration and making other biological molecules

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2
Q

How do plants photosynthesise?

A

plants use carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen

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3
Q

What does photosynthesis require?

A

light energy, absorbed by chlorophyll

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4
Q

what is the word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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5
Q

What is glucose used for in plants?

A

Making carbohydrates:
* starch for storage
* sucrose for transport
* fructose, found in fruits
* cellulose (cell walls)
Making DNA
Making Amino acids:
* joined together to make proteins
Making Lipids:
* e.g. to make cell membranes and oils in seeds
Making chlorophyll

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6
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide concentration
light intensity
temperature

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7
Q

What is the factor in shortest supply called?

A

the limiting factor

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8
Q

What happens to rate of photosynthesis if you increase carbon dioxide concentration?

A

increases rate
more molecules to collide with enzymes
eventually reach point when adding more has no effect as lack of energy

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9
Q

What happens to rate of photosynthesis if you increase light intensity?

A

increase rate
more energy for reaction
at high light intensities a different factor is limiting
(graph levels off)

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10
Q

What happens to rate of photosynthesis if you increase temperature?

A

speeds up reaction
enzymes and substrates have more kinetic energy and collide more often
too high temps, rate decreases and reaction stops as enzymes become denatured

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11
Q

Describe the structure of a leaf

A

waxy cuticle
upper epidermis
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
lower epidermis
guard cell
stomata

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12
Q

What does waxy cuticle do?

A

reduces water loss

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13
Q

what does the upper epidermis do?

A

transparent and contain no chloroplasts to allow light in to palisade cells

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14
Q

how are palisade cells specialised for photosynthesis?

A

long and thin and tightly packed.
large numbers of chloroplasts - maximises absorption of sun energy
main site of photosynthesis

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15
Q

how is spongy mesophyll specialised for photosynthesis?

A

air spaces to allow diffusion of CO₂ and O₂ to photosynthesising cells

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16
Q

How are stomata specialised for photosynthesis

A

allow gases to diffuse into air spaces of leaf. provides short diffusion distance for carbon dioxide

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17
Q

How do the guard cells work?

A

Day - stomata open
more light, more photosynthesis, more sugars produced in guard cells. Lowers water potential so water moves into guard cells by osmosis, opening stomata

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18
Q

What does the xylem do?

A

transports water from roots to leaves. provides short diffusion distance for water to diffuse into the photosynthesising cells

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19
Q

What does the phloem do?

A

transport sugars made in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant

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20
Q

Where do plants get mineral ions from?

A

absorbed through roots

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21
Q

What mineral ions do plants absorb?

A

nitrates
magnesium
phosphates

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22
Q

What do plants use nitrates for?

A

required to make amino acids and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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23
Q

What do plants use magnesium for?

A

required to make chlorophyll

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24
Q

What do plants use Phosphates for?

A

required to make nucleic acids
part of cell membrane

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25
Q

What symptoms do plants show when they have a deficiency in nitrates?

A

stunted growth

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26
Q

What symptoms do plants show when they have a deficiency in magnesium?

A

yellow leaves

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27
Q

What symptoms do plants show when they have a deficiency in Phsophates?

A

poor root growth
purple younger leaves

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28
Q

How do you test a leaf for starch?

A

place leaf in boiled water for 2 mins - kills leaf (denature enzymes - stops reactions)
heat ethanol in warm water and place leaf in ethanol for 2 mins (extracts chlorophyll as ethanol dissolves lipids)
put leaf in boiled water for 15 seconds (softens leaf for penetration of iodine)
spread leaf on tile and put few drops of iodine
leaf turns blue/black

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29
Q

Describe experiment for how light intensity effects photosynthesis

A

test tube with pondweed (stem cut at angle) in sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
leave for 5 mins to acclimatise
10 cm from light source
count bubbles
repeat different distances

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30
Q

What should a balanced diet contain?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, Vitamins, Water and Fibre

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31
Q

What foods are carbohydrates?

A

Bread, potatoes, rice, cereals, fruit

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32
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

fuel for respiration

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33
Q

What foods are proteins?

A

Meat, eggs, fish, quinoa, quorn

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34
Q

What are Proteins used for?

A

growth and repair of cells and tissues
Fuel for respiration

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35
Q

What foods are lipids?

A

Butter, cooking oil, cream, avocados

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36
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

store of energy
fuel for respiration

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37
Q

How is glucose stored in plants and animals?

A

starch in plants
glycogen in animals

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38
Q

What is energy used for in the body?

A

Heart beating, transport nutrients and repair cells.
30% used for walking, talking, running

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39
Q

What is energy measured in?

A

KJ Kilojoules

40
Q

PAPER 2 How can we measure amount of energy in food?

A

burning it and seeing how much heat energy is released
measure 25cm³ of water in boiling tube - record starting temperature
food lit over bunsen then held under water to heat.
If food stops burning, relight until no longer burn
Measure finishing temp and calculate change

41
Q

What does iron do?

A

forms part of haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

42
Q

What foods have iron in them?

A

Red meat, Liver, Spinach

43
Q

What deficiency disease is iron related to?

A

Anaemia

44
Q

What does Calcium do?

A

Needed to form bones and teeth

45
Q

What foods have calcium in them?

A

Milk and dairy products, fish, fresh vegetables

46
Q

What deficiency disease is related to calcium?

A

rickets

47
Q

How is vitamin A used in the body?

A

Making chemical in the retina and also protects the surface of the eye

48
Q

What is the effect of deficiency of Vitamin A?

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

49
Q

What foods have vitamin A in them?

A

Fish liver oil, liver, butter, carrots

50
Q

How is vitamin C used in the body?

A

Needed for cells and tissues to stick together

51
Q

What is the effect of deficiency of vitamin C?

A

scurvy

52
Q

What foods have vitamin C in them?

A

fresh fruit and vegetables

53
Q

How is vitamin D used in the body?

A

Needed to absorb Calcium and Phosphate ions from food

54
Q

What is the effect of deficiency in vitamin D?

A

rickets, caused by weak bones

55
Q

What foods have vitamin D in them?

A

Dairy products, oily fish

56
Q

What is water used for in the body?

A

an essential solvent , used to transport components of blood and is crucial for temperature regulation e.g. sweating

57
Q

What is fibre?

A

plant material you can’t digest, mainly chemical called cellulose.

58
Q

What is fibre used for in the boyd?

A

Helps movement of food through the intestine, preventing constipation and bowel cancer

59
Q

What foods are good sources of fibre?

A

fruit and vegetables, grains (wheats, oats etc.) as they contain cellulose

60
Q

How do energy requirements vary for different people?

A

Teenagers need lots of energy for growth - more energy need at younger ages
Higher activity levels need more energy e.g. builder requires more energy then office worker
Pregnant women also require more energy

61
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Pancreas, Small intestine, Large intestine

62
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking food in through mouth and swallowing

63
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller more soluble molecules

64
Q

What is absorption?

A

Movement of small soluble molecules out of the gut and into the blood by diffusion and active transport

65
Q

What is egestion?

A

passing out undigested food through anus

66
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules, in all cells

67
Q

What is the first structure in the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth and oesophagus
Ingestion takes place

68
Q

What is mechanical digestion in mouth and oesophagus?

A

food broken into smaller peices in mouth by chewing. Increases surface area for enzymes and also prevents discomfort when swallowing

69
Q

What is chemical digestion in mouth and oesophagus?

A

Saliva is released into mouth by salivary glands. Makes food easier to swallow and contains enzyme amylase which breaks down starch into maltose

70
Q

How do you swallow food?

A

food shaped into ball by tongue and moved to back of mouth. Ball called bolus. Blocked from entering trachea

71
Q

How is food pushed down the Oesophagus?

A

by peristalsis
Food also moved along by peristalsis in small intestine and large intestines

muscles push food down:
Circular muscles contract behind bolus pushing along
Longitudinal muscles contract making oesophagus wider

72
Q

What do gastric glands in stomach do?

A

gastric glands in the stomach wall secrete enzyme pepsin, which begins process of digesting proteins into peptides (shorter chain amino acids)

73
Q

What does contraction of the stomach cause?

A

mixing of contents of the stomach, maximising contact between enzymes and food

74
Q

What are pepsins optimum working conditions?

A

acidic pH
conditions in stomach are acidic due to release of hydrochloric acid by gastric glands
very low pH which would burn through stomach if no mucus lining

75
Q

What does hydrochloric acid in stomach do?

A

kills many bacteria and fungi which may be present in food we eat

76
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

digestion and absorption

77
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum and ileum

78
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

final site of chemical digestion
Pancreas makes several enzymes and secretes them into duodenum

79
Q

What enzymes are secreted into the duodenum?

A

Trypsin: protein to peptide
Amylase: starch to maltose
Lipase: lipid to glycerol and 3 fatty acids

80
Q

What do the duodenum walls contain?

A

glands which make enzymes and secrete them into duodenum: maltase and peptidase

81
Q

What does maltase break down?

A

maltose into glucose

82
Q

What does peptidase break down?

A

peptide into amino acids

83
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

produced in liver and stored in gall bladder

84
Q

Where is bile used?

A

released into duodenum through bile duct

85
Q

What is bile used for?

A

neutralises stomach acid. Enzymes in duodenum work best at pH 7-8
emulsifies lipids - breaks large droplets into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for lipase to digest the fats

86
Q

What does food enter after the duodenum?

A

ileum

87
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

absorption
has many folds and covered in villi

88
Q

How are small soluble molecules absorbed in the ileum?

A

through villi and some absorbed by diffusion
glucose absorbed via active transport using ATP

89
Q

How is rate of diffusion increased in ileum?

A

Large surface area - folding of ileum, villi and microvilli
Short diffusion distance - villi walls are 1 cell thick
High concentration gradient - provided by capillary network and lacteals removing absorbed molecules

90
Q

What are the sections of the large intestine?

A

colon and rectum

91
Q

What happens in the colon?

A

reabsorption of water

92
Q

What happens in the rectum?

A

faeces stored and egested from anus

93
Q

What is excretion?

A

removal of waste substances produced by chemical reactions - e.g. carbon dioxide removed by lungs and urea removed by kidneys and sweat

94
Q

What digestive enzyme is found in the mouth?

A

amylase

95
Q

What digestive enzyme is found in the stomach?

A

pepsin

96
Q

what digestive enzymes are found in duodenum?

A

amylase
lipase
trypsin
maltase
peptidase

biology (20 decks)

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