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NAVLE animals > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

1
Q

The ability to extend the hock while flexing the stifle is characteristic diagnostic feature of what condition?

A

Peroneus tertius rupture disrupts the stay apparatus- when intact, this muscle prevents this motion,. Also mentioned: jerking movement as leg moved forward

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2
Q

Horse % dry matter protein

A

12% (1.3 g/kg, 40g/1000kcal)

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3
Q

Most common cause of maxillary sinusitis

A

Tooth root abscess (first molars)

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4
Q

Strangulating lipoma signalment

A

15-20, gelding, obese

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5
Q

Enterolith formation food, type of lith

A

Alfalfa hay in California; mg ammonium phosphate

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6
Q

Findings: fiddleneck consumption

A

megalocytosis, bridging portal fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia of liver. (pyrrolizidine alkaloid)

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7
Q

Findings: yellow star thistle

A

nigropalladial enecephalomalacia- loss of upper motor gnglia leading to loss of inhibition and dystonia (impossible to eat)

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8
Q

Shaker foal syndrome- infectious agent

A

Clostridium bolulinum pre-formed toxin ingestion only

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9
Q

Shake foal syndrome pathophys

A

spore toxin blocks acetylcholine at NMJ+ flaccid paresis/paralysis

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10
Q

Shaker foal syndrome CS

A

weak tongue, weakness, flaccid paralysis, resp depression that cna lead to death

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11
Q

Cerebellum- responsible for

A

coordination (range, rate, strength of movement), balance, posture

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12
Q

CP deficits are on the ____ side of a brain lesion

A

Same

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13
Q

Brain region w/ CS: intention tremor, hypermetria, hypometria, ataxia; normal mentation

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

What side is the lesion on compared to fast-phase of nystagmus

A

Fast phase away from lesion

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15
Q

Lesion/head tilt association

A

Same side

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16
Q

Name two ddx for symmetric ataxia, weakness, limb spasicity, toe dragging

A

EDM or CVM (wobblers)

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17
Q

Dx EDM

A

no definitive test, low Vit E suggestive

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18
Q

Club foot pathophys

A

(flexural deformity of DIPj) - d/t DDF tendon contracture

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19
Q

Most common cuase of bacterial keratitis in horse

A

Psuedomonas- gram negative (less: e. coli, staph- gram +)

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20
Q

Cantharadin tox- effect

A

Endotoxic shock and renal failure (blister beetle toxicity)

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21
Q

Agent in Tyzzers Dz

A

Clostridium piliforme (aka bacillus piliformis)- (the only gram - clostridium!)

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22
Q

Cause of Theiler’s Dz

A

4-10 weeks post Tetanus antitoxin most commonly (plasma blood)

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23
Q

What is bog spavin

A

Chronic synovitiswith bilateral effusion of tibio-tarsal joints

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24
Q

What is bone spavin

A

osteoarthritis of the hock

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25
Q

What important structures are in the guttural pouch

A

Internal and external carotids, cranial sympathetic trunk, CN 9, CN 7

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26
Q

Blocked by palmar digital

A

50-70% of the palmar surface of the foot including most of DIPj (except proximodorsal)

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27
Q

Blocked by abaxial sesamoid

A

Foot and PIPj, skin over palmar pastern and distal dorsal pastern

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28
Q

Blocked by low four point

A

entire MCPj (fetlock) and distal

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29
Q

Blocked by high four point

A

metacarpal region, entiere MCPj and digit structures

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30
Q

Tx keratitis with typical agent

A

Tx with aminoglycoside like tobramycin (Gram neg- Pseudomonas)

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31
Q

What agent/disease is most likely to cause pulmonary abscess, what age is this common

A

Rhodococcus Equi pneumonia- foals 2-6 months

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32
Q

Dx: Increasing forelimb lameness and short, choppy gait, swelling over fetlock, pain on flexion

A

Osselets

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33
Q

What are osselets, cause

A

Inflammation of the periosteum on dostal distal epiphyseal surface of MC3 and fetlock (usually bilateral), chronic stress injury from running

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34
Q

CS, pathophys purpura hemorrhagica

A

Type III (Ag-Ab complex) usually from strep equi equi, S. e. e. vax or resp pathogens; aseptic necrotizing vasculitis –> hemorrhage, edema, sloughing

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35
Q

Breed predilection- equine night blindness and recurrent uveitis

A

Apaloosa

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36
Q

Fescue toxicity

A

prolactin suppresion, thickened placenta, dystocia, agalactica

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37
Q

Red maple tox

A

heinz body anemia

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38
Q

St John’s Wort tox

A

Photosensitization, hepatotoxicity

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39
Q

CS EHV-3

A

papules, pustules, ulcers to external genitalia (including balanoposthitis- prepuce)

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40
Q

Pathophys of all EE’s

A

mosquito –> lymph spread–> 5d

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41
Q

How can you artificially start breeding season

A

16 hours of light, 60 days before breeding

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42
Q

What causes sheared heels, tx

A

heel asymmetry from foot/gait imbalance; corrective shoeing and supportive bar shoes

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43
Q

Ataxic/hypermetric 5-10 d post turnout: MOA, Px

A

GABA receptor de-inhibition - resolve within days of removing from rye/bermuda grass

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44
Q

Stringhalt agent

A

sweet pea, dandelion- when both hind affected (trauma cause of unilateral)

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45
Q

Cauda equina syndrome- MOA

A

Autoimmune

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46
Q

Breed: OA malformation

A

Arabians

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47
Q

Breed: cerebellar abitrophy

A

Arabians

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48
Q

Meningitis- age, agent

A

neonates, secondary to bacteremia

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49
Q

Most common CNS tumor

A

Lymphoma

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50
Q

Most common tumor in greys

A

Melanoma

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51
Q

Transmission, breed, signalment of Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis (RER)

A

Autosomal dominant with variable expression in nervous 2-3y TB- a degenerative change in myofibers

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52
Q

Tx Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Low carb, high fat - NO high grain- predisposes; less stress

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53
Q

HYPP (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) breed, transmission, MOA

A

Fancy QH (paint/appaloosa)autosomal dominant, muscle membrane sodium channels–> weakness, collapse, fascic THIRD EYELID

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54
Q

Chronic mgmt of HYPP

A

Acetazolamide K-wasting diuretic; genetic test!

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55
Q

Ddx RER; dx, tx

A

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)- mm. biopsy- necrosis/atrophy, increased glycogen; reduce stall rest, train gradually, increase fat/decrease soluble carbs

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56
Q

Agent- pigeon fever; tx

A

Pectoral abscesses! corynebacterium pseudoTB - penicillin or TMS, establish drainage

57
Q

Cause of imm=med myositis

A

S. equi, influenza

58
Q

Tx clostridial myositis

A

Make abscess aerobic by opening, systemic penicillin

59
Q

Breeds- GBED

A

Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency- auto recess in QH, paint; foals die in a few months bc cant store sugar

60
Q

Transm, breed malignant hyperthermia

A

Auto dom, QH

61
Q

Induce 2nd deg AV block

A

alpha 2 agonist sedation

62
Q

Tx afib

A

quinidine- but high SE; conversion under anesthesia only

63
Q

When does PDA close

A

1st day/week

64
Q

T of Fallot-

A

overriding aorta, VSD, hypoplastic pulmonary a, RV hyperplasia (+ PDA = pentalogy

65
Q

Most common site, cause- endocarditis

A

Ao = mitral strep

66
Q

Most common site of degeneration

A

Ao > mitral

67
Q

Systolic left murmur: valve, cause

A

mitral- exercise intolerance

68
Q

Systolic right murmur: valve, cause

A

tricuspid- athletic, physiologic

69
Q

Diastolic left murmur: valve, cause

A

Ao, older horse

70
Q

Ddx dependent edema

A

hypoalb, intrathoracic dz (mediastinal masses, pleuritis), vasculitis (purpura, EVA, EIA, ana), urticaria, CHF

71
Q

Bacterial cause of hemolysis

A

Lepto

72
Q

Parasitic cause of hemolysis

A

Anaplasma, babesia

73
Q

Three heinz body anemia causes

A

Phenothiazine tox, wild onion, red maple

74
Q

Reportable ddx for hemolysis

A

EIA

75
Q

MOA, CS, Tx- purpura hemorrhagica

A

Type III HS post- S. equi equi (or strangles vax); ventral/peripheral painful vasculitis/edema, petechiation of MM; steroids

76
Q

EIA- transm, agent, MOA

A

Retrovirus, biting flies; HS vasculitis, imm-med hemolysis- virus attaches to RBC

77
Q

Dx, Tx EIA

A

Coggins! isolation, slaughter, report

78
Q

Agent, transm: equine granulocytic erlichiosis;

A

A. phagocytophila via Ixodes (morulae in neuts, eos!)

79
Q

Dx/Tx equine granulocytic erlichiosis

A

Oxytetracycline

80
Q

what does Ixodes carry

A

anaplasma phago (equine granulocytic erlichiossi) babesia caballi, theileria equi (eq piroplasmosis)

81
Q

CS, tx- equine piroplasmosis

A

anemia, monocytosis, icterus, Hgb’uria, lethargy, eyelid swelling; FAD- iso, euth

82
Q

Most sen renal measure

A

Creat

83
Q

three nephrotoxic Abx

A

ATP- aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, polymixin B

84
Q

Effect of aminoglycosides; how to lower risk

A

renal tubular necrosis; SID&raquo_space; TID

85
Q

tendon calcification lameness, great vessel calcification: dz, cause, clip path findings

A

cestrum diurnum- Vit D tox (D3>D2); HyperCa, hyperPhos, azo, isosthenuria with

86
Q

Cause of imm-med GN

A

EIA, post-strangles/lepto/herpes

87
Q

Dx uroperitoneum

A

HypoNaCl, hyperK, Ab tab creat 2x serum

88
Q

Young acute diarrhea (2)

A

C. dif/perf, sepsis, rota

89
Q

Post-op or performance horse actue D

A

Right dorsal colitis

90
Q

Widespread acute D

A

Salmonella, rota

91
Q

Post-Abx D

A

Salm, C. dif

92
Q

Dx salm

A

5 cultures q 12 h

93
Q

Dx coronoa vs rota D

A

Corona PCR, Rota ELISA (think: CP, RE)

94
Q

Dx PHF agent

A

N. risticii PCR of buddy coat

95
Q

Fluids for acute D

A

Avoid acidifying NaCl- plasma, hetastarch colloids

96
Q

Tx endotoxin in D

A

Flunixin

97
Q

Which D Abx to use in adult horses

A

ONLY in- PHF: oxytetra; Clostridium: metro (or vanco in Ca resistance); luekopenia

98
Q

Most common Salm serogroup

A

B, C, E (A-I pathogenic)

99
Q

What % horses with GI dz shed Salm

A

60% (1-5% are subclin shedders)

100
Q

Transm: PHF

A

snail or mayfly ingestion (has trematode or metacercariae)

101
Q

CS: PHF

A

laminitis, fever, +/- D

102
Q

C. perf enterotoxin type severity

A

C worse than A (C.P-CA)

103
Q

C. dif toxins, targets

A

A- entero, B- cyto (think consonant/vowel) (C.D-AB)

104
Q

What is DTO-smectite

A

BioSponge toxin binder in clostridium

105
Q

CS- cantharidin

A

Sloughing/necrosis of oral, GI, urinary mucosa; hypoCa, Mg, prot

106
Q

Bute- SE and SE-MOA

A

Right dorsal colitis- mild colic, weight loss, hypoAlb if colon leaky d/t decreased mucosal protection from prostaglandins

107
Q

Tx RDC

A

complete pelleted food

108
Q

Weanling diarrhea and PLE - agent

A

(age- 6-9m) Lawsonia intracellularis (gram- rod)

109
Q

Dx, Tx lawsonia

A

IMPA serology AND fecal PCR; oxytetra

110
Q

DPJ findings, MOA

A

Duod-prox jejunitis: ++ reflux, pain (mod-sev)- d/t hypersecretion of SI = dec. motility ((28% get laminitis)

111
Q

2 forms of gastric ulcers and causes; Tx

A

Squamous (TB, pastured broodmare; stress, meal feed) > glandular (NSAID); omeprazole

112
Q

Lawsonia sig/presentation, dx findings:

A

6-9m weanling with D, corrugated SI (ileum >jej), hypoproteinemia

113
Q

Acute abdominal hemorrhage in periparturient- location

A

middle uterine a. (in broad ligament)

114
Q

Seq: epiploic foramen entrapment

A

Caudal vena cava rupture –> acute abd hemorrhage

115
Q

Most important liver values

A

GGT, SDH

116
Q

Liver function test

A

Bile acids (pre/post), ammonia, clotting

117
Q

Tx, Px Theiler’s dz

A

Lactulose, neomycin, support for acute hepatic necrosis- poor Px

118
Q

Cause of cholangiohepatitis

A

Ascending G (-) GI rods

119
Q

Hyperlipemia vs Hyperlipidemia- define, Tx

A

-LIPemia TG <500mg/dL, LIPIDemia-TG > 500mg/dL (Neg energy balance- give gluc/insulin IV)

120
Q

2 toxic hepatopathies

A

Aflatoxins, BG algae, clover

121
Q

Tx PA tox

A

Steroids, poor PX bc CS already too late

122
Q

PA plants

A

Crotalaria, senecio

123
Q

FOPT

A

<400 (partial 400-800)- detect: SNAP>RID

124
Q

What does Coombs test dx

A

immunoglobin agglutination- used in NNI

125
Q

Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NNI) - most common Ab

A

Aa and Qa

126
Q

Signalment- Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NNI)

A

Multiparous mares, rebred to same stallion

127
Q

Ddx NI

A

septicemia

128
Q

MOA- sweet itch

A

Culicoides HS I- CS from self trauma d/t itch

129
Q

Sweeny- MOA

A

Suprascapular nn. dmg (infra, supra spinatus mm.)

130
Q

What is ringbone

A

OA or bony exostosis in the pastern (high ringbone) or coffin (low ringbone) joints.

131
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in both adult and foal

A

Strep. streptococcus

132
Q

Most common 2-6m foal pneumonia

A

Rhodococcus equi

133
Q

Equine Motor Neuron Dz- cause, findings

A

Low Vit E, “elephant on drum”, mm. atrophy, tremble/fasciculations, shifting body weight, low head carriage in older horse dry lots

134
Q

Dx high freq repetitive bursts and ‘dive bomber’ sound heard on EMG

A

is produced by repetitive firing after contraction of affected muscle fibers and is essentially pathognomonic for myotonia.

135
Q

Foals with self-resolving copious nasal d/c and mares with late abortion

A

Herpes

136
Q

Dx, agent UAE respiratory case

A

Mallein test for nasal form of Glanders; agent- Burkholderia mellei

137
Q

Tx acute abdominal hemorrhage in peri-parturient mare

A

Aminocaproic acid to facilitate clot stabilization via blocking plasminogen activation ( into plasmin-clot dissolver)

138
Q

Block laminitis

A

Abaxial sesamoid

139
Q

Low-potassium hay

A

Timothy

NAVLE animals (10 decks)

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