Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zoological medicine > Aquatic > Flashcards

Aquatic Flashcards

1
Q

ursids

A

polar bear is apex of marine ecosystem
feed mainly on seals and walrus
most of life is spent on sea ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mustelids

A

sea, river, and marine otters
belong to the weasel family and are carnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

marine otter

A

lives along Pacific coast of South America
spends time in the ocean but lives on land
prefers rocky shores and kelp forests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sea otter

A

the only species that lives entire life in the ocean: grooming their fur creates air bubbles that help keep them buoyant and insulate them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

marine otters

A

more closely related to the 3 species of American river otters than to sea otters which indicates that costal/marine lifestyle evolved twice in the weasel family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pinnipeds

A

seals, sea lions, walruses
have front and rear flippers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sea lions

A

“walk” on land using large flippers
have visible ear flaps
bark like dogs and are loud
California sea lions congregate in groups called rafts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

seals

A

have small flippers
wriggle on their bellies on land
lack visible ear flaps
many varieties: Pacific harbor seal known for spotted fur; elephant seal has huge nose that looks like elephant trunk; fur seal is closely related to sea lion, have heavy fur, hunted for pelt, spend most time far from land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

walrus

A

both females and males have tusks that grow with age and vacuum-like mouths for sucking up shellfish from the ocean floor
have air sacs in neck that can inflate to allow them to float
largest pinnipeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sirenias

A

manatees and dugong “seacow”
aka sirens: where the mermaid legend came from
evolved from 4-legged land mammals: their flippers have vestigal toenails which is a remnant of the claws they had when they lived on land (Amazonian manatee doesn’t have)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

manatees

A

have large egg-shaped head, flippers, and flat tail
aka sea cows because of their large stature, slow movements, and lolling nature, propensity to be eaten
closely related to elephants
swim alone or in pairs
in a group = mating herd or informal meeting sharing a warm area with large food supply
herbivores: prefer sea grasses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

manatee anatomy

A

only have 6 neck vertebrae so can’t turn head sideways
algae and photosynthetic organisms often grow on their skin
can stay under water for 15 minutes without breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dugong

A

dugong dugon
similar to manatees
part of Sirenia order but different family: Dugongidae
have a notch in their tails and tusks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cetacea

A

whales, dolphins, and porpoises
split up into toothed and Baleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

toothed whales

A

sperm whales, killer whales, belugas, narwhals, porpoises, river dolphins
have single blowhole, teeth, and use echolocation
have a layer of fatty tissue under their skin called blubber which maintains body heat, and is an important energy source
very good eyesight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

orcas

A

large dolphins
orcas and dolphins thought to be some of the smartest animals: very curious, exhibit complex social structures living in small groups for mating and often coordinated hunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

baleen whales

A

great whales: blue whale, right whales, minke whales, humpbacks
right and bowhead whales lack dorsal fin
they have double blowhole and upper jaw is hung with a baleen (stiff plates of keratin with fringes inside) instead of teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do baleen whales feed?

A

by gulping large amounts of water and prey
when the whale brings its jaws together water is forced through the baleen fringes and out the sides of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

baleen whales migration

A

most make long-range seasonal migrations and move toward polar feeding areas in the summer and toward low-latitude (tropical) calving areas in winter
juveniles and post-reproductive adults tend to stay in protected nearshore areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

beluga whales

A

small toothed whale that is brown-gray at birth and bright white in adulthood
only whale species that have a movable neck: can move up and down, side to side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

narwhal whales

A

part of the “white whales” family
males have the characteristic tusk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ectothermic

A

cold blooded, influenced by the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

teleost fish

A

bony fish found in salt and freshwater from the tropics to the Arctic and Antarctic, and from coasts to deepest parts of the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

teleost anatomy

A

scales are flat and covered by a thin layer of skin and mucus
fish breathe through gills which absorb dissolved oxygen in the water
water comes in through the mouth, passes over gills, and leaves out of operculum
have swim bladder filled with air for buoyancy
lateral line along spine = sensory organ that detects movement and vibration
vent: waste
2-chambered heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how do fish perform schooling behavior?

A

using the sensory organ that makes up the lateral line along their spine
this organ detects movement and vibration in the water

26
Q

function of fish fins

A

control stability and direction with the tail fin contributing up to 40% of forward thrust

27
Q

freshwater fish as pets

A

freshwater fish are more popular, less expensive to set up system and get fish, more hardy, can have more fish per space

28
Q

coldwater fish as pets

A

goldfish/koi
temperature of water should be 65-68
larger species consume more oxygen so less fish options and need plants

29
Q

tropical fish as pets

A

large variety that coexist or can do a species tank (multiple fish from only 1 species together in a tank)
require a heating element

30
Q

marine fish

A

saltwater fish
expensive: colorful, require saltwater, need higher rates of flow in aquarium and a good filtration system
don’t use air pumps: air affects the pH and chemistry of the water
provide air agitation with pumps and filters
tropical marine temperature: 74-78
ocean pH: 8-8.2

31
Q

brackish

A

between salt and freshwater fish
not easily obtainable, expensive
ex: puffer fish

32
Q

elasmobranch

A

sharks, rays, skates
primitive: cartilaginous fish that predate dinosaurs

33
Q

what is the largest fish in the ocean?

A

whale shark

34
Q

sharks

A

shark skeleton made of cartilage and lack a swim bladder, instead they have an oily liver to control their buoyancy
slow to mature and only produce 2-10 pups per litter
scales are spiky and project through skin like sandpaper
very advanced electroreceptive system to sense electrical fields

35
Q

claspers

A

seen in male sharks
modification of the pelvic fin to facilitate sperm transfer during reproduction

36
Q

spiracle

A

sharks
special gill that delivers O2 directly to the eyes and brain
have separate gill slits for each gill

37
Q

nurse shark

A

yellowish-brown color with characteristically round heads, barbels that they use to search for prey and very small eyes
able to remain perfectly still, spend most daylight hours resting in caves or under ledges, sometimes seen in groups
are active and feed during twilight and nighttime

38
Q

lampreys

A

cartilaginous fish closely related to sharks, resemble eels
lack a jaw, suck blood

39
Q

eels

A

teleosts

40
Q

rays

A

thin tail and stinging tail spine or barb, has serrated ends and injects poison

41
Q

skates

A

smaller than a ray
have 2-lobed pelvic fins, stocky tail, and dorsal fins at tail tip, thorn-like formations on back and tail which deters predators

42
Q

rays and skates similarities

A

lack a swim bladder: can lay on ocean floor to conserve energy
very sensitive to electrical impulses

43
Q

fish compatibility

A

aggressives go with aggressives
most ornamental marine fish don’t school in captivity
usually only 1 fish per genus should be in a tank: otherwise territory fights can occur, harassment, stealing food
exception would be mated pairs

44
Q

water quality of tank

A

warm water dissolves less of important gases like O2 and CO2 (but very warm water may not contain enough dissolved O2 to sustain life)
increased temperature = increased O2 loss
algal blooms are related to high temperatures which increases toxins

45
Q

salinity and conductivity

A

check electron levels
salinity = sodium chloride
fish least tolerant to salinity are in juvenile stages

46
Q

pH in a fish tank

A

narrow pH range fir cellular metabolism
extreme ends = physical damage to gills, exoskeletons, and fins
increased pH (7+): converts nontoxic ammonium to toxic ammonia

47
Q

effect of hard water in a fish tank

A

leads to high minerals which leads to high pH

48
Q

effect of soft water in a fish tank

A

leads to low minerals which leads to a low pH

49
Q

how can you correct the pH of your fish tank?

A

use a water softener or demineralized water

50
Q

turbidity of fish tank

A

algae, sediment that is suspended, organic matter
leads to increased temperature and decreased photosynthesis
caused by overfeeding or not doing routine water changes

51
Q

how long does it take to establish a tank?

A

can take up to a month

52
Q

nitrogen cycle caused by turbidity

A

feces/undigested food —> broken down into ammonia (NH3) —-> broken down by nitrosomonas bacteria into nitrite NO3 — converted to nitrate NO2 by nitrobacter

53
Q

how are water changes of a fish tank done and how often?

A

change ~20% of water every couple of weeks

54
Q

is tap water okay for fish?

A

no!! it’s chlorinated which is toxic to fish
chlorine blocks absorption of O2 leading to suffocation
can buy dechlorinator drops or let the water sit to denature the chlorine

55
Q

ammonia toxicity

A

CS: tachypnea, gasping at the surface, jumping, rubbing
prevention: don’t overstock or overfeed
tx: remove 25-50% of water and replace with fresh dechlorinated water, correct the primary cause

56
Q

nitrite toxicity

A

kills nitrobacter
nitrites cause stress even at low levels
CS: gasp at the surface, sudden death, brown blood
prevention: don’t overstock or overfeed, watch temperature and give antibiotic treatment
tx: remove fish to clean, dechlorinated, well oxygenated water

57
Q

oxygen depletion

A

a concern in outdoor ponds
photosynthesis doesn’t occur at night, plants consume oxygen, warmer temperature can cause more rapid O2 loss
tx: ensure correct number of fish/plants, use an aerator, temperature control

58
Q

fish gill clip

A

used to check for ectoparasites
lift operculum and cut 3-5 gill filaments, view on slide with a drop of tank water

59
Q

fish skin scrape

A

drag a slide in caudal direction across the fish, check for lesions

60
Q

ich parasite CS

A

rubbing, scale loss, hemorrhage at attachment site

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions