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Zoological medicine > Wildlife Rehabilitation > Flashcards

Wildlife Rehabilitation Flashcards

1
Q

ecosystem ecology

A

study of biotic and abiotic interactions with naturally and human-induced impacts

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2
Q

biotic

A

living organisms

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3
Q

abiotic

A

non-living organisms

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4
Q

nutrient cycle

A

continual cycle of chemical production consuming products and decomposing products
describes the use, movement, and recycling of nutrients in the environment

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5
Q

micro-climates

A

usually have predictable changes
ex: seasons occur consistently from year to year

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6
Q

el nino

A

warm water

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7
Q

la nina

A

cold water

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8
Q

what causes el nino and la nina?

A

caused by a disruption in the trade wind direction which then affects our jet streams and then the ocean
ex: el nino causes loss of cold nutrient dense waters —> phytoplankton declines which is the main food supply for fish, birds, and marine mammals and those at the top of the food chain

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9
Q

what may be caused by el nino and la nina?

A

famine, flooding, hurricanes, drought, fires
el nino events can become stronger and turn into super el ninos which can mean extreme floods and droughts

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10
Q

community ecology

A

study of individual populations and the interactions of species within natural communities
we can look at the ecosystem as a whole or at smaller habitats or ecosystems

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11
Q

biological characteristics and resource use

A

when species with biological characteristics occur together they can exhibit complementary resource use
they may use different resources or the same resources but at different times which leads to less competition

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12
Q

predator-prey relationship

A

density of prey population affects the birth and death rates of predator population
losing important predators increases the prey population

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13
Q

parasites and predator-prey relationship

A

parasites are like predators and impact their prey

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14
Q

male biased parasitism

A

males tend to be more heavily parasitized which may be because males tend to be larger so they can carry a larger parasite load or because testosterone is immunosuppressive

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15
Q

commensalism

A

relationship where 1 species benefits without affecting the other

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16
Q

mutualism

A

relationship where both species benefit

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17
Q

what are the 2 parts of biodiversity?

A
  1. richness: number of species in a habitat
  2. evenness: abundance of each species in a habitat
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18
Q

Simpson’s diversity index results

A

near 0 = low diversity
near 1 = high diversity

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of population dispersion?

A

uniform, random, clumped

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20
Q

uniform population dispersion

A

ex: penguins
they maintain this by being active territoriality

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21
Q

random population dispersion

A

ex: daisies
based on where the seeds fall

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22
Q

clumped population dispersion

A

ex: elephants
stay in groups

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23
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population of a given species that can survive indefinitely in a given environment
this is dependent on food, water, competition, predation, and disease; these are always changing so carrying capacity is always changing

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24
Q

effects of exceeding carrying capacity

A

has a compounding effect
too many animals in a habitat —> over-browse and kill shrubs

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25
Q

K (constant) selected species

A

long gestation, maturation, and lifespan
species that increase rapidly while food/habitat are abundant and slow down as factors like lower birth rate and decreased food availability come into play, as rate of population growth slows the population reaches a stable level

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26
Q

R selected species

A

short gestation, maturation, lifespan
population increases rapidly to the point where it exhausts its resources
mortality becomes the main regulator and population will collapse to a low level; when resources are replenished the population begins to rise again and the process is repeated

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27
Q

ethogram

A

quantitative description of an animal’s normal behavior
1. characterize the range of behaviors you see; build a catalog of behaviors without interpreting the behavior; make notation of habitat, other animals in habitat, time/temp/lighting, info about animal (sex, nutritional state, etc)
2. quantify information and apply it

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28
Q

independent variable

A

what we manipulated
causes the change

29
Q

dependent variable

A

may change due to the independent variable

30
Q

statistical sampling

A

randomize so we’re not manipulating variables
techniques: mist netting, transect sampling, point counts
mark and recapture so you don’t keep sampling the same animal

31
Q

transects for sampling

A

lines we create that are a certain distance, set rules to ensure random choice

32
Q

point count sampling

A

every bird seen/heard within a given time to measure density or just counting 1 species

33
Q

what is important to record for setting up live traps for statistical sampling?

A

record where they are and always release in exactly the same place

34
Q

biodiversity

A

variety of species within an ecosystem and genetic variability within a species
greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms

35
Q

allele effect

A

genetic diversity is due to a variability of alleles
genetic diversity variations that are advantageous can help increase organism survival and even result in a new species if reproductive isolation occurs

36
Q

natural selection

A

animals better suited to their ecosystem will be able to survive and reproduce

37
Q

endangered species organizations

A

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (red list): world’s 1st global environmental organization
Convention on International. Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES): became established to protect exotics from extinction from exploitation
TRAFFIC: underground organization (WWF and IUCN)

38
Q

keystone species

A

species that play a unique and crucial role in an ecosystem by linking many other species together

39
Q

foundation species

A

maintains the habitat that supports other species
ex: mangrove swamps, coral reefs

40
Q

indicator species

A

let us know how a habitat is doing
ex: amphians

41
Q

how are health assessments performed on wildlife?

A

capture cameras are a new form of sampling technique for abnormal hair coats, limping, and lumps
herd health: hunters/hikers report abnormalities or collect samples

42
Q

priority diseases in wildlife

A

chronic wasting and bovine TB, bighorn sheep pneumonia

43
Q

multi-species diseases

A

rabies, canine distemper, anthrax
mass vaccination campaigns of pet dogs are critical to reduction

44
Q

WDA

A

Wildlife Disease Association

45
Q

AWVT

A

Association of Wildlife Veterinary Technicians

46
Q

USFW

A

US Fish and Wildlife Service

47
Q

IDNR

A

Illinois Department of Natural Resources

48
Q

IDPH

A

Illinois Department of Public Health

49
Q

USDA

A

US Department of Agriculture

50
Q

wildlife rehab

A

treatment and temporary care of injured, diseased, and displaced indigenous wildlife and the subsequent return of healthy animals to appropriate habitats in the wild

51
Q

IWRC

A

International Wildlife Rehabilitation Council

52
Q

handling of wildlife in rehab

A

be quiet and keep covered during handling as they will be very stressed

53
Q

disease in rehab

A

wild animals may not have immunity so if a domestic animal transmits disease to a wild animal and that animal is released it could impact an entire ecosystem

54
Q

familiarity in rehab

A

can’t release a tamed animal without reversing it
animal is tamed when brought in rehab and then before releasing we make minimal contact with it to reverse taming

55
Q

imprinting in rehab animals

A

imprinted animals can’t be released since imprinting can’t be reversed
usually we try to give them a puppet, mirror, or feather duster to avoid imprinting with a human

56
Q

records in rehab

A

records are crucial
record: phone number of rescuer, circumstances animal found in, treatments given, anyone bitten/scratched or come into contact with body fluids?, are there any bonded animals?

57
Q

triaging a wildlife animal

A
  1. euthanasia candidate?
  2. stabilize animal
  3. diagnostics
  4. treatment
  5. release
58
Q

euthanasia exam

A

more than 1/2 of animals die or are euthanized upon arriving at a rehab
criteria: broken back, loss of 2+ limbs, blindness, untreatable disease

59
Q

stabilizing an animal upon arrival at rehab

A

keep in dark, warm cage (80-90 F)
meet energy requirements by giving dextrose or emeraid (emergency energy products) if needed
administer Dexamethasone SP and fluids

60
Q

determining a true orphan

A

if the animal is warm, strong, and apparently healthy it is most likely not an orphan and should be left alone or returned to nest
a true orphan will be cold, weak, and may have a dead sibling nearby

61
Q

immature age

A

~ 2 months

62
Q

juvenile age

A

< 6 months

63
Q

sub-adult age

A

< 1 year

64
Q

adult age

A

> 1 year

65
Q

nestling bird

A

naked with few body feathers, no tail feathers
if the nest can’t be found or reached, make a surrogate nest and hang near the area in a place where it will be protected from sunlight and rain, watch for mom to return

66
Q

fledgling/brancher bird

A

brancher = fledgling raptor
has body feathers, 1 inch or longer tail feathers, will be hopping and chirping
has left the nest but parents still give food, if picked up the parents may vocalize
grounded fledgling takes 3-4 days to learn to fly so leave it alone

67
Q

transporting an animal to a rehab

A

cover with a towel to pick up and put in a cardboard box or container with air holes, can use a pillowcase
keep the environment quiet, keep kids and animals away
check with rehab facility to see what species they take
keep orphans warm

68
Q

which producer makes a good milk replacer formulated for wildlife?

A

Fox Valley

69
Q

criteria for release from a rehab

A

healed completely, ability to interact with own species appropriately, ability to recognize and find appropriate foods, ability to reproduce with own species, exhibits normal behaviors like fear of humans and predatory avoidance, waterproofing is intact

Zoological medicine (13 decks)

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