Concepts

Question 1

Category

Answer 1

A set of objects can be treated as equivalent in some way (e.g., cars)

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

The mental representations we form of categories (e.g., how to use a car)

Question 3

Well defined categories define of two parts, which two?

Answer 3

1. The necessary characteristics for membership (e.g. ,a dog has four legs, is an animal, and barks)
2. These characteristics together must be sufficient for membership (e.g., an animal with four legs that barks is a dog)

Question 4

What are the three types of categories?

Answer 4

1. Natural categories: occur naturally in the world
2. Artifact categories: contain objects designed or invented by humans to perform certain functions

3.Ad hoc categories: formed only in the service of a particular purpose

Question 5

Fuzzy boundaries

Answer 5

members and non-members form a continuum with no clear break in membership

Question 6

Typicality

Answer 6

even among items that clearly fall into a category, some seem to fit better than others

Question 7

The most typical item is called the ____

Answer 7

The most typical item is called the prototype

Question 8

Family resemblance theory

Answer 8

Typical items have features that are common in the category and do not have features that are common in other categories

Question 9

Basic level of categorization shows that ____

Answer 9

Basic level of categorization shows that people prefer to use categories that are not too wide (e.g., animal) and not too small (e.g., brown bear) to name an object

Question 10

The Similarity-based approaches to concepts state ___

Answer 10

The Similarity-based approaches to concepts state that categorization is a matter of judging the similarity between the item and a standard in long-term memory

Question 11

What are the three Similarity-based approaches?

Answer 11

1.Classical view
2.Prototype approach
3.Exemplar approach

Question 12

Classical view

Answer 12

Items are classified into a category if they have certain features or characteristics that are necessary and sufficient

Question 13

Prototype approach

Answer 13

Items are classified into a category if it has high family resemblance

Question 14

Exemplar approach

Answer 14

We represent categories in terms of examples

Question 15

The Knowledge approach states that ____

Answer 15

We learn new concepts by connecting them to knowledge we already have about the real world

Question 16

Psychological essentialism

Answer 16

People tend to believe that some categories have an underlying essence that causes the features of that category

Question 17

Semantic networks

Answer 17

Knowledge is stores as associative networks where concepts are represented by nearby nodes that correspond to related concepts or features of a given concept

Question 18

Semantic priming

Answer 18

When certain concept is presented, the corresponding node is activated and spreads to other concepts in the network

Question 19

Category and feature verification task

Answer 19

1. Category verification task: participants confirm or deny statements whether something is in a category
2. Feature verification task: participants confirm or deny statements about characteristics of categories

Question 20

With semantic priming, the power of activation decreases ____

Answer 20

activation decreases with time, distance, and the number

Question 21

Semantic dementia

Answer 21

A progressive deterioration of the conceptual knowledge that supports semantic performance

Question 22

What were the results of the Semantic Dementia experiment?

Answer 22

• Patients with semantic dementia produces less correct information in their drawings than the control subjects
• The impairments are due to selective damage to central conceptual knowledge
• There was a significant impact of item’s familiarity on the success of the drawing