MESSENGER LIPIDS: STEROID HORMONES and EICOSANOIDS

Question 1

A ___________ is a biochemical substance,
produced by a ductless gland, that has a
messenger function. ___________ serve as a
means of communication between various
tissues.

Answer 1

hormone

Question 2

There are two major classes of steroid hormones:

Answer 2

(1) sex hormones,
which control reproduction and secondary sex
characteristics
(2) adrenocorticoid hormones,
which regulate numerous biochemical processes in the body

Question 3

The sex hormones can be classified into three major groups:

Answer 3

1. Estrogens—the female sex hormones
2. Androgens—the male sex hormones
3. Progestins—the pregnancy hormones

Question 4

__________ are synthesized in the ovaries and adrenal cortex and are responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics at the onset of puberty and for regulation of the menstrual cycle. They also stimulate the development of the mammary
glands during pregnancy and induce estrus (heat) in animals.

Answer 4

Estrogens

Question 5

___________ are synthesized in the testes and adrenal cortex and promote the development of male secondary sex characteristics. They also promote muscle growth.

Answer 5

Androgens

Question 6

____________ are synthesized in the ovaries and
the placenta and prepare the lining of the
uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum.
They also suppress ovulation.

Answer 6

Progestins

Question 7

The best known types of synthetic steroids are ___________ and _______________.

Answer 7

a. oral contraceptives
b. anabolic steroids

Question 8

_____________ is a hormone your pituitary gland releases that plays a large role in how your body responds to stress. The release of ACTH triggers your adrenal glands to produce cortisol, the “stress hormone.”

Answer 8

Adrenocorticoid Hormones

Question 9

small organs located on top of each kidney, at least 28 different hormones have been isolated from the adrenal cortex

Answer 9

adrenal glands

Question 10

There are two types of adrenocorticoid hormones.

Answer 10

a. Mineralocorticoids
b. Glucocorticoids

Question 11

_________________ control the balance of Na1 and K1 ions in cells and body fluids.

Answer 11

Mineralocorticoids

Question 12

The major mineralocorticoid is ____________,
and the major glucocorticoid is ___________.

Answer 12

a. aldosterone
b. cortisol

Question 12

____________ control glucose metabolism and counteract inflammation.

Answer 12

Glucocorticoids

Question 13

__________ is the hormone synthesized in the largest amount by the adrenal glands. ________ and its synthetic
ketone derivative cortisone exert powerful anti-inflammatory effects in the body.

Answer 13

Cortisol

Question 14

An ___________ is an oxygenated C20 fatty acid derivative that functions as a messenger lipid.

Answer 14

eicosanoid

Question 15

The metabolic precursor for most eicosanoids is _________.

Answer 15

arachidonic acid

Question 16

The physiological effects of eicosanoids include mediation of:

Answer 16

1. The inflammatory response, a normal response to tissue damage
2. The production of pain and fever
3. The regulation of blood pressure
4. The induction of blood clotting
   5.. The control of reproductive functions, such as
   induction of labor
5. The regulation of the sleep/wake cycle

Question 17

There are three principal types of eicosanoids:

Answer 17

prostaglandins
thromboxanes
leukotrienes

Question 18

A ________________ is a messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains a cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.

Answer 18

prostaglandin

Question 19

Prostaglandins are involved in many regulatory functions, including raising body temperature, inhibiting
the secretion of gastric juices, increasing the secretion of a protective mucus layer into the stomach, relaxing and contracting smooth muscle, directing water and electrolyte balance, intensifying pain, and enhancing inflammation responses.

Answer 19

Aspirin reduces inflammation and fever because it inactivates enzymes needed for prostaglandin synthesis.

Question 20

A _____________ is a messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups.

_____________ are produced by blood platelets and promote platelet aggregation. An important function of it is to promote the formation of blood clots.

Answer 20

thromboxane

Question 21

A __________ is a messenger lipid that is a C20-fatty-acid derivative that contains three conjugated double bonds and hydroxy groups.

Answer 21

leukotriene

Question 22

Leukotrienes are found in ____________________.

Answer 22

leukocytes (white blood cells)