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Year 8 Subjects > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

0
Q

How long can a period last?

A

Periods can last between three to seven days.

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1
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The neck of the uterus.

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2
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are special sex cells needed for sexual reproduction.

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3
Q

What is the function of the leaves?

A

Leaves use light energy, carbon dioxide and water to make food by photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What is the stamen and which part of the flower does it include?

A

The stamen is the male sex organs which include the anther and filament.

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5
Q

What is the bag called where the testes hang outside the body?

A

Scrotum.

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6
Q

Where is sperm made?

A

In the testes.

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7
Q

What are the new cells formed by mitosis called?

A

Clones.

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8
Q

What happens after the ovule develops into a seed?

A

The seed begins to grow and the petals and stamen of the flower fall away. The ovary is left and this swells to form the fruit as the seeds grow.

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9
Q

Why are the testes not inside the body?

A

Because body temperature is too high for sperm production.

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10
Q

Describe water dispersal.

A

Water dispersal is when plants that grow near the water are carried by the currents of the water.

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11
Q

What is the carpel and which parts of the flower does it include?

A

The carpel is the female sex organs which include the stigma, style and ovaries.

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12
Q

When does the pollen tube grow?

A

When a pollen grain lands on the ripe stigma, it grows a long pollen tube down through the style to the ovary.

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13
Q

Where does the sperm duct carry the sperm?

A

The sperm duct carries sperm from the testes to the urethra.

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14
Q

What is the embryo?

A

The embryo is the part of the seed that contains a plumule which grows into the shoot and the radicle which becomes the root.

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15
Q

How are the ovaries connected to the uterus?

A

By tubes called oviducts.

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16
Q

Where is the ova made?

A

The two ovaries.

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17
Q

Where do the oviducts carry the ovum from the ovary?

A

Uterus.

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18
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the plant?

A

The 4 main parts of a plant are the flower, stem, leaves and roots.

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19
Q

During fertilization each sex cell has a nucleus containing 23 chromosomes.

A

.

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20
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A

The roots anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals.

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways a plant can grow from?

A

Plants can grow from:

  1. Seeds by sexual reproduction.
  2. Producing things such as bulbs or tubers by asexual reproduction.
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22
Q

What is the food store?

A

The food store is the part of the seed that contains cells packed with starch or oil. The food store may be part of the embryo.

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23
Q

What are the four ways that seeds can be dispersed?

A
  1. Wind dispersal
  2. Animal dispersal
  3. Water dispersal
  4. Self-dispersal
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24
Q

What is the function of the filaments?

A

The function of the filaments is that it holds the anthers which contain the pollen grains.

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25
Q

The seed has two parts. What are they?

A

Embryo and food store.

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26
Q

What is the function of the ovules?

A

The function of the ovules is to keep the female sex cells inside them.

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27
Q

What is the releasing of an ovum called?

A

Ovulation.

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28
Q

What is the function of the flower?

A

The flower contains the reproductive organs.

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29
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

The function of the ovaries is to keep the ovules in place.

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30
Q

Describe self-dispersal.

A

This happens when the fruit walls of some plants dry out and burst. The split ovary scatters all its seeds explosively.

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31
Q

What are the two ways that new cells can be made?

A

Mitosis and meiosis.

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32
Q

A girl who has reached puberty releases an ovum. How often?

A

Every 28 days.

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33
Q

What is the function of the food store?

A

The function of the food store is to provide the seed with nutrients for growth until the seedling photosynthesises and can make its own food. It also provides food for many animals.

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34
Q

Describe cross pollination.

A

Cross pollination is when pollen is transferred from a flower on one plant to flowers on a different plant of the same species. There are many ways that this can happen.

35
Q

What is sexual intercourse?

A

Sexual intercourse involves a man inserting his penis into the woman’s vagina.

36
Q

What is the urethra and its function?

A

The urethra is the tube that runs through the penis and allows both urine from the bladder and semen to leave the penis through the urethra. The urethra can carry either semen or urine but not at the same time.

37
Q

Once the penis is in the vagina, sperm may be released. What is the release of sperm called?

A

Ejaculation.

38
Q

Describe wind dispersal.

A

Wind dispersal is when seeds are blown away and spread by the wind.

39
Q

What is pollination?

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigmas. This must occur before fertilisation.

39
Q

What is the receptacle?

A

The receptacle is where the flower develops in a flowering plant.

40
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is a special type of reproduction that involves only one parent. In some forms of asexual reproduction the organism splits into two.

41
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is the new cell created when fusing a sperm cell with an egg cell.

42
Q

What is the function of the anthers?

A

The function of the anthers is that it holds the pollen grains for pollination.

43
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

The function of the style is to connect the stigma to the ovaries.

44
Q

If an ovum is fertilized on day 14 then the lining of the uterus remains. What develops?

A

The placenta develops, partly from the fertilized egg and partly from the mother, to feed and protect the developing embryo. The lining the womb does not break down this time.

45
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm and the liquid that is produced from the seminal vesicles.

46
Q

Describe animal dispersal.

A

There are two ways that this can occur.

  1. When fruits are eaten by animals, the seeds are egested in their dropping which give a good amount of nutrients to survive.
  2. Some fruits have hooks that cling to the fur of the animals and are dispersed when animals move around.
47
Q

The testes are connected to?

A

Penis.

48
Q

Explain mitosis.

A

Mitosis happens when organisms are growing or replacing old or damaged cells. Mitosis can happen during asexual reproduction.

49
Q

After menstruation the uterus grows a fresh new lining for each new ovum. What is this process called?

A

The menstrual cycle.

50
Q

What is dispersal?

A

Dispersal is when the seeds are scattered as far as possible for an increased chance for survival for new plants.

51
Q

Where does sperm swim to and how long does it take after sexual intercourse?

A

The sperm swim through the uterus and up in the oviducts. This takes about 48 hours. Once in the oviduct they may meet an ovum. Only one sperm can fertilize the ovum.

52
Q

Before the sperm leave the body, they are mixed with a liquid which comes from two small glands called?

A

Seminal vesicles.

53
Q

Describe self pollination.

A

Self pollination is when pollen is transferred from an anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant.

54
Q

What is an ovum?

A

An ovum is the female egg reproductive cell in humans.

55
Q

How long does it take for the ovum to reach the uterus from the ovary?

A

Four-five days.

56
Q

What is the function of sperm?

A

Sperm has a long tail and streamlined body because it needs to swim. The sperm cell also has chemicals called enzymes in the ‘head’ to help it digest away the membrane of the ovum as it makes its way through.

57
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusing of the male sex cell with the female sex cell. Together they produce a single cell that can grow into a new plant.

58
Q

Describe a period.

A

Day 0-5: uterus lining breaks down if there is no fertilized ovum. The lining and the dead cells are passed out.
Day 6-13: uterus lining starts to thicken ready for a fertilized ovum.
Day 14: ovulation occurs and a mature ovum is released from an ovary.
Day 15: the ovum is passed along the oviduct.
Day 16-21: uterus lining remains thick waiting for the fertilized ovum. The hormones in the female’s body start to change.
Day 22-28: the lining of the uterus stops developing.

59
Q

If the ovum remains unfertilized, what happens?

A

It dies and the lining of the uterus breaks up. The lining and the dead ovum pass out of the body through the vagina.

60
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

The function of the stigma is to collect the pollen grains for fertilisation. When the stigma is sticky it is ready for pollination to occur because the stickiness will keep the pollen grains on it self.

61
Q

What is the vagina?

A

A muscular tube that connects the uterus to the outside of the body.

62
Q

Describe insect pollination.

A

Insect Pollination happens when insects like bees carry pollen on their bodies as they move from flower to flower. The insects are attracted to the plants because the plants produce a sugary liquid called nectar which the insects like. The flowers of plants that are insect-pollinated tend to be brightly coloured, which makes it easy for the insects to find them. The pollen of these types of plant have large pollen grains and is a good food supply for the insects. Some pollen grains have spikes, which stick to the hair of insects.

63
Q

What is a function of an ovum?

A

The ovum has large food reserves in the cytoplasm and is big and round.

64
Q

How many chromosomes does nearly all cells in your body have in the nucleus?

A

46.

65
Q

What is a fruit?

A

A fruit is a complete ovary after fertilisation.

66
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Allows the fertilized egg cell grow and develop.

67
Q

Describe wind pollination.

A

Wind Pollination happens as wind blows pollen from anthers of one plant to the stigmas of others. Plants that are wind pollinated are not usually brightly coloured, for example grasses. They do, however, have long filaments with anthers that hang down in the wind. They produce millions of pollen grains. The pollen is very light: some grains even have small air sacs to help them stay in the air longer.

68
Q

Explain meiosis.

A

Meiosis results in gametes having half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Meiosis happens when in the production of sex cells. Sex cells are called gametes.

Sperm- 23
Egg- 23
Zygote- 46

69
Q

What is the function of the stem?

A

The stem provides support and transport system for water and minerals to the leaves and flowers. It also transports food from the leaves to the roots and flowers.

70
Q

What are the four ways in pollination can occur?

A

The four ways in pollination can occur are self pollination, cross pollination, insect pollination and wind pollination.

71
Q

Where is the sperm placed?

A

The cervix.

72
Q

What is the sepals’ function?

A

Sepals are small leaves that protect the buds of the flower.

73
Q

What are the functions of the petals?

A

The petals attract insects with their bright colour (most). Also these petals are highly scented.

74
Q

What is sperm?

A

The male reproductive sex cell in humans.

75
Q

How long does a human fetus develop in the mother’s uterus before being born?

A

9 months.

76
Q

If an ovum is fertilized by sperm it develops into a?

A

Baby.

77
Q

What happens when ovulation is close to occur?

A

The lining of the uterus thickens as a network of blood capillaries grows in it.

78
Q

How do humans reproduce?

A

Humans reproduce through sexual reproduction.

79
Q

When one sperm goes in the ovum, what happens?

A

The ovum’s membranes change to stop any more sperm getting into it.

80
Q

What is germination?

A

Germination is the process when a seed grows into a seedling.

81
Q

What is budding and what are some organisms that reproduce this way?

A

Budding is when organisms such as yeast reproduce by dividing into two in this way.

Yeast is a fungus not an animal.

82
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A

A daughter cell is each new cell produced and has the exact same genetic code as the parent.

83
Q

What is an erection?

A

An erection is when the blood pressure in the tissue stiffens the penis before sexual intercourse. It happens when a man is sexually aroused.

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