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PSU Freshman > ExamBlock4 > Flashcards

ExamBlock4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Class of biomolecules found in all living organisms, stores genetic information and protein synthesis

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2
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of

A

monomers called nucleotides

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3
Q

Nucleotides are made up of

A

5 carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and a nitrogenous bases

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4
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

A,C,T,G

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5
Q

Nucleotides are linked together by

A

dehydration synthesis, or polymerization reactions between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide (Sugar-phosphate backbone formed)

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6
Q

What bonds are between C/G and A/T?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

RNA

A

Single stranded, does not typically form helix, has uracil instead of thymine

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8
Q

DNA function

A

Stores information needed to construct a protein

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9
Q

RNA function

A

Regulates expression of information during protein synthesis

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10
Q

ATP composed of

A

Nitrogenous base adenine, 3 phosphate groups, and sugar ribose (just like RNA)

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11
Q

Each time a cell divides, it must

A

replicate its DNA

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12
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Each newly formed molecule of DNA has one strand conserved from the parent molecule and one newly synthesize strand

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13
Q

Replication begins at

A

numerous origins of replication

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14
Q

Enzymes invovled in the process of DNA Replication

A

Helicases, primases, DNA Polymerase

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15
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds the DNA double helix

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16
Q

Primate

A

Initiate replication (Places RNA primer along each strand

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17
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Adds nucleotides to the unwound parent molecule

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18
Q

DNA strands have ______ polarities while replication

A

opposite

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19
Q

DNA has

A

2 antiparallel strands

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20
Q

Leading strand of DNA

A

Nucleotides added in a smooth continuous process

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21
Q

Lagging strand of DNA

A

Discontinuous mode of replication because DNA polymerase can only work by starting from the replication form and progressing outward (DNA Polymerase can only be added to an existing 3’ nucleotide)

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22
Q

Primase has the ability to synthesize a short

A

primer made of a few nucleotides of RNA

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23
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Short stretches of DNA in the lagging strand

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24
Q

Ligase

A

Seals the Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand of DNA

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25
Q

Mismatch repair

A

Occurs when DNA polymerase and other proofreading enzymes remove incorrectly paired nucleotides

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26
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in an organism’s DNA

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27
Q

If a mutation occurs in a reproductive cell, the mutation

A

can be passed to future generations

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28
Q

Excision repair

A

Involves the removal of damaged nucleotides from a DNA molecule

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29
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Laboratory technique to amplify the DNA

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30
Q

Proteins are made up of long chains

A

of amino acids

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31
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

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32
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

Pleated sheet or helix that approaching chains can form due to bonding between the r groups of amino acids

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33
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall shape of a protein formed when the secondary structure folds in on itself

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34
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Interactions between multiple proteins (large protein complex)

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35
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA, and messenger RNA is translated into proteins. In other words, DNA codes for the synthesis of proteins

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36
Q

Transcription

A

Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
Two strands of DNA separate, or open up sufficiently enough so that RNA can be produced

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37
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Separates the DNA strands in transcription and joins the RNA nucleotides along the exposed DNA template strand

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38
Q

Promoter

A

Starting point of transcription: sequence of DNA bases that signals the beginning of RNA synthesis

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39
Q

RNA Polymerase II

A

Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the elongating RNA molecule

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40
Q

Terminator sequence

A

Signals the end of RNA synthesis

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41
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

combines with proteins to form ribosomes

42
Q

transfer RNA molecules

A

transport amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. Each tRNA molecule has an amino acid attachment site for a particular amino acid and an anticodon

43
Q

Transcription and translation takes place in three stages

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

44
Q

Initiation of translation

A

mRNA binds to the small subunit of a ribosome

45
Q

Three attachment site of a ribosome

A

E site is the exit site, P site is the peptidyl-tRNA binding site, A site is the t-rna binding site (asomethign)

46
Q

Elongation of translation

A

polypeptide grows by addition of amino acids according to the sequence of bases in the mRNA molecule.

47
Q

Termination of translation

A

Elongation continues until a mRNA stop codon reaches the A-site of the ribosome

48
Q

Proteins that are intended to leave the cell contain

A

signal sequences that facilitate their sorting within the cell

49
Q

Newly synthesized proteins produced in the rough ER have

A

a unique signal sequence that directs them to this organelle

50
Q

Gene regulation

A

When genetically identical cells differentiate into different cell and tissue types

51
Q

Point mutation

A

A change in a single nucleotide (sickle-cell anemia)

52
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

throw off the reading frame of the genetic message, often result in a completely nonfunctional protein, significantly more damaging than point mutations

53
Q

Missense mutation

A

Results in an amino acid substitution

54
Q

Silent mutation

A

Has no effect on the protein sequence

55
Q

Insertion or deletion mutation

A

Results in a shift in the reading frame

56
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Substitutes a stop codon for an amino acid

57
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the molecule that supplies most

A

energy for cellular work and is the end product of cellular respiration

58
Q

Cellular respiration

A

which is a metabolic pathway comprised of a series of steps that convert the chemical energy in glucose into the energy contained in ATP.

59
Q

Metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

60
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Plants convert energy from sunlight into chemical energyC

61
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Eat starch and break it down via a series of catabolic reactions to obtain the stored chemical energy

62
Q

Energy

A

that which can or does move matter. the capacity for doing work

63
Q

Kinetic energy

A

refers to energy that is associated with moving matter

64
Q

Potential energy

A

refers to energy that is stored

65
Q

free energy

A

energy available (or required) to do work in a system

66
Q

change in free energy (ΔG) is endergonic if

A

energy enters the system,

67
Q

change in free energy (-ΔG) is exergonic (energy-releasing) if

A

it leaves the system

68
Q

ATP

A

5-carbon sugar (ribose) attached to a nitrogenous base (adenine; recall our discussion of the nucleotides DNA and RNA) and a group of three phosphates.

69
Q

use of an exergonic (energy-releasing) process to drive an endergonic (energy-requiring) process is called

A

energy coupling

70
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

71
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

72
Q

Affinity for electrons

A

electronegativity

73
Q

The more electronegative a molecule is, the more likely it will become

A

reduced by the addition of electrons in a chemical reaction

74
Q

Equation for cellular respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 + 6 H2 O + energy

75
Q

NAD+ is free to pick up electrons, whereas NADH

A

has two more electrons and an additional proton.

76
Q

A molecule of NAD+ or NADH consists of

A

two nucleotides (adenine, found in RNA and DNA, and nicotinamide) joined together

77
Q

NAD+ functions as an

A

oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) during cellular respiration, picking up electrons from the catabolic products of glucose (along with hydrogen atoms).

78
Q

Stages of cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis
The Krebs, or Citric Acid cycle
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

79
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

80
Q

Stages 2 and 3 of cellular respiration occur in

A

mitochondria

81
Q

Glycolysis

A

involves the initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid), water, and reduced electron carriers (in this case NADH).

82
Q

Glycolysis is initiated by the

A

addition of a phosphate (P), from ATP, to a molecule of glucose; this destabilizes the glucose molecule, and the bonds are then easily broken to release energy.

83
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

can only occur in the presence of a specific kinase enzyme

84
Q

It takes two molecules of ATP to break down

A

one molecule of glucose to pyruvate.

85
Q

One of the products of the initial breakdown of glucose is

A

pyruvate

86
Q

Glycolysis generates ATP without using

A

oxygen as an electron acceptor

87
Q

process by which glucose is partially broken down and NAD+ is regenerated is

A

fermentation

88
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate gives off carbon dioxide and is converted to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) in a two-step process

89
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid). This figure shows both types of fermentation.

90
Q

In eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported across the

A

mitochondrial membrane and then converted to acetyl CoA (with the production of NADH and carbon dioxide).

91
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

electrons are removed from acetyl CoA and these electrons reduce more NAD+, along with another electron carrier, FAD .

92
Q

In the next phase of cellular respiration, the high-energy electrons within NADH and FADH2 will be passed to a

A

a set of membrane-bound enzymes in the mitochondrion, collectively referred to as the Electron Transport Chain (ETC

93
Q

The movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane (by the electron transport chain) creates a

A

charge differential (voltage) that will be used to synthesize ATP.

94
Q

When oxygen acts as the terminal electron acceptor

A

there is a maximal amount of free energy released; hence, more protons can be transported, which means that a greater charge buildup occurs across the inner mitochondria membrane

95
Q

As electrons move from one member of the electron transport chain to the next, protons are transported from one side of the membrane to the other, resulting in a

A

buildup of protons in the intermembrane space

96
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

he part of the mitochondrion enclosed within the inner membrane, which houses the enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle

97
Q

chemiosmosis

A

ADP is phosphorylated to make ATP

98
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Chemiosmosis is accomplished in the presence of the protein complex

99
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The generation of ATP from chemiosmosis at the end of the Electron Transport Chain is referred to as

100
Q
A

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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