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PSU Freshman > Psych Final > Flashcards

Psych Final Flashcards

1
Q

Anxiety disorder

A

Disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness

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2
Q

biopsychosocial model of abnormality

A

Abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences

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3
Q

bipolar disorder

A

severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes

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4
Q

Causes of anxiety disorders

A

Behavioral: disordered behavior is learned

Cognitive: excessive anxiety from illogical, irrational thought processes

Biological: chemical imbalances, genetics

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5
Q

Causes of mood disorders

A

Behavioral: link depression to learned helplessness

Cognitive: distorted, illogical thinking

Biological: variation in neurotransmitter levels, genetics

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6
Q

Compulsions

A

Repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act

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7
Q

Criteria to determine abnormality

A
  1. Is behavior unusual?
  2. Does it go against social norms?
  3. Does it (behavior) cause significant subjective discomfort?
  4. Is the behavior maladaptive or result in an inability to perform?
  5. Does behavior cause the person to be dangerous to themselves or others?
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8
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness

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9
Q

Diagnostic labels

A

Good and bad; allows for treatment and an explanation, but creates a stigma

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10
Q

DSM-5

A

Manual of psychological disorders and their symptoms

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11
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory perceptions such as hearing voices that don’t really exist

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12
Q

Major depression

A

Severe depression: too severe for circumstances or no apparent cause

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13
Q

Obsessions

A

Intruding, reoccurring thoughts

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14
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A

Disorder in which obsessions (thoughts) create anxiety that is relieved by performing compulsions (repetitive, ritualistic behavior)

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15
Q

Panic disorder

A

Disorder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life

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16
Q

Phobia

A

an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity

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17
Q

Social phobias

A

Fear of negative evaluations in social situations

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18
Q

Specific phobias

A

fear of objects or specific situations or events

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19
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

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20
Q

PTSD

A

Exposure to a major stressor

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21
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A long lasting psychotic disorder in which there is an inability to distinguish fantasy form reality as well as disturbances in thinking, emotions, behavior, and perception

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22
Q

Stress vulnerability mdoel

A

Psychological disorders occur when people with a predisposition toward these problems are exposed to stressors at critical points in development

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23
Q

Behavior Therapies

A

All behavior is learned; focused on behavior change, not cause; decrease undesired behavior and increase desired

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24
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

Use of biological or medical methods to solve problems (no learning)

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25
Q

Characteristics of Effective Therapy

A
  1. Matching therapy to client and problems
  2. Therapeutic alliance
  3. Protected setting
  4. Opportunity for catharsis (vent)
  5. Learning and practice of new behaviors
  6. Positive experiences
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26
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

Learning to think more rationally and logically

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27
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

Sense of discomfort that occurs when ones behavior does not correspond to attitudes

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28
Q

exposure and response prevention

A

Exposure to feared/avoided stimulus. Prevent escape or avoidance response

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29
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Person talks to a psychological professional about problems

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30
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Step 1: Relaxation training
Step 2: Fear hierarchy
Step 3: progressive exposure

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31
Q

Therapy

A

Treatment aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

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32
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

When asked to explain our own behavior, we tend to attribute more to the situation and less about us

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33
Q

Altruism

A

prosocial behavior with no reward for us, but a chance of harm

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34
Q

Aggression

A

When one person hurts or tries to destroy another person deliberately, either with words or physical behavior

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35
Q

Attitudes

A

tendency to respond positively or negatively toward certain people, ideas, objects, or situations

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36
Q

Attribution

A

Process of explaining the behavior of ones self and others

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37
Q

Bystander effect

A

Fewer bystanders = less diffusion, more help

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38
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Sense of discomfort that occurs when ones behavior does not correspond to attitudes

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39
Q

Compliance

A

Occurs when a person changes behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

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40
Q

Compliance techniques

A

Foot-in-the-door technique, door in the face technique, Lowball technique, That’s not all technique

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41
Q

Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Small request followed by a larger request

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42
Q

Door-in-the-face technique

A

Big request comes first, then smaller request that doesn’t seem so bad

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43
Q

Lowball technique

A

Cost of commitment increases once you’ve made commitment

44
Q

That’s-not-all technique

A

Before a decision, the person trying to get you to do something offers you more to make the deal seem even better

45
Q

Conformity

A

Changing ones own behavior to match that of others

46
Q

Dispositional causes of behavior

A

Something about the personal qualities of you

47
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for people to overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the situation

48
Q

Groupthink

A

Occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

49
Q

Impression formation

A

The forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another person. Influenced by the primacy effect.

50
Q

Interpersonal attraction

A

Double check

51
Q

Obedience

A

Changing ones behavior at the command of an authority figure

52
Q

Persuasion

A

N/A

53
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative thoughts and feelings about a particular social group

54
Q

Social categorization

A

Autonomic, unconscious assignment of a new acquaintance to some category or group

55
Q

prosocial behavior

A

N/A

56
Q

Situational causes of behavior

A

Factors external to the person

57
Q

Social cognition

A

The ways in which people think about others

58
Q

Social facilitation

A

Positive influence of others on performance

59
Q

Social impairment

A

negative influence of others on performance

60
Q

Social interaction

A

Relationships between people

61
Q

Social loafing

A

When lazy person works in a group, that person often performs worse than if the person were working alone

62
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by real, imagined, or implied presence of others

63
Q

Stereotype

A

N/A

64
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

when memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may still be retrievable

65
Q

Declarative memory

A

Things that people know (or can know)

66
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

A method of transferring info from STM to LTM by making that info meaningful in some way

67
Q

Encoding

A

Converting environmental and mental stimuli into memorable brain codes

68
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Automatic encoding due to unexpected, highly emotional event

69
Q

Forgetting

A

Failure to properly store information for future use

70
Q

Long-term memory

A

System of memory into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently

71
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

System of memory into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently

72
Q

Memory

A

System that senses, organizes, stores, and retrieves information

73
Q

Procedural memory

A

Motor skills, habits, emotional associations (typing, starting car)

74
Q

Retrieval

A

Pulling information from storage

75
Q

Retrieval cue

A

a stimulus for remembering

76
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

77
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

78
Q

Sensory memory

A

First state of memory; the point at which info enters the nervous system through the sensory systems

79
Q

serial position effect

A

info at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle

80
Q

Short-term memory

A

memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

81
Q

Storage

A

“Holding on” to encoded information

82
Q

Big five (5-factor model)

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

83
Q

Ego

A

Deals with reality. “Middle man”. Cant always get what you want

84
Q

personality

A

the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave

85
Q

Superego

A

Moral center of personality

86
Q

Unconscious

A

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other info are kept they are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness

87
Q

id

A

Completely unconscious. If it feels good, let’s do it!

88
Q

Conscientiousness

A

How motivated you are

89
Q

Extraversion

A

How social you are

90
Q

Agreeableness

A

Emotional style of a person

91
Q

Openness

A

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

92
Q

Neuroticism

A

Emotional stability

93
Q

Conscious

A

Contact with outside world; current awareness

94
Q

trait-situation interaction

A

the circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed

95
Q

Conflict

A

a pull toward two desires or goals, only one of which can be attained

96
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

Change stressor impact by changing emotional reaction

97
Q

Frustration

A

response when a desired goal or a perceived need is blocked

98
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress

99
Q

GAS Stages

A

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

100
Q

Type A personality

A

Irritable, hostile, angry, time-conscious, hardworking

101
Q

Type B personality

A

Relaxed, less competitive, slow to anger

102
Q

Type C personality

A

pleasant, repressed, internalizes anger/anxiety

103
Q

pressure

A

urgent demands or expectations from an outside source

104
Q

problem-focused coping

A

eliminate/reduce source of stress via direct action

105
Q

Stress

A

the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to threatening or challenging events

106
Q

Stressor

A

events that cause a stress reaction

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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