w6 - Emotional Expression

Question 1

What does Franz Xaver Messerschmidt’s 64 human faces indirectly hypotheses?

Answer 1

That there are a countable number of emotional expressions

Question 2

How does basic emotions theory think about facial expressions ?

Answer 2

Facial expressions are assoicated one-to-one with human emotions

They provide us with information that is universal

Question 3

How does psychological construction think about facial expressions ?

Answer 3

Facial expressions are far to variable to provide a clear signal of emotion

Question 4

For Basic Emotions Theory

Emotions are …

Answer 4

Distinctive, universal, and biologically defined

Question 5

For Basic Emotion Theory

What would variation in emotional display be dependent on ?

Answer 5

External reasons like display rules, and managing emotions

**Only after a basic emotion occurs **

Question 6

Basic Emotion Theory

What accompaines each basic emotion ?

Answer 6

An accompanying facial expression which is distinct from other emotion categories

A “prototype”

Question 7

Basic Emotion Theory

Can there be variation in an emotional expression ‘prototype’ ?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

Basic Emotion Theory

What are facial actions units ? And what it used to organise them ?

Ekman

Answer 8

These are units of facial expression change, muscular movements that indicate a basic emotion

Orgaised by the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

Question 9

Psychological Construction Theory

Will there be more or less varability of emotional expression in any given catergory ?

Answer 9

There will be much varaiblity !

**Variation is the norm **

There may be overlap between catagories

Question 10

Psychological Construction Theory

What is varability informed by?

Answer 10

Culture
Context
Individual factors

Question 11

What are 2 kinds of research used to study emotional expression?

Answer 11

1. Expression production (filming particiapnts facial expressions)
2. Emotion perception (watching other peoples facial expressions)

Question 12

Barrett et al. 2019

What three things do we need to know if it is an emotional expression?

Answer 12

Is it…
a) Reliable
b) Specific
c) Generalisable

Question 13

Emotional expression: reliable, specifc, generalisable

What do Basic Emotion Theories, and Psychological Construction Theory Predict ?

Answer 13

Basic : that emotional expression is all three

Construction : that emotional expression is none

Question 14

Emotional Expression

Explain reliablity.

Answer 14

Are emotions from the same category perceived and expressed in the same way.

Question 15

Durán & Fernández-Dol (2021)

What did their meta-analysis evidence?

Answer 15

Mostly against the reliability of facial expressions

Question 16

Emotional Expression

Explain specificity.

Answer 16

Whether an emotion category has an assoicated facial expression that maps only to that category.

Question 17

Emotional Expression

What is the false positive rate ?

Relates to specificity

Answer 17

this is the frequency with which an expression occurs when emotion isn’t present

Question 18

What facial expression was used to evidence against specificity?

Answer 18

The smiles of Judo fighters

Question 19

What is some eviedence that context shapes reliability and specificity ?

Answer 19

Attaching a facial expression to a contextual scene / physical body changes how we interpret it

Question 20

Aside from context

What is another factor that shapes reliability and specificity?

Answer 20

Task design.

Question 21

What do free-labelling results show for reliability and specificity ?

Answer 21

Could be argued as evidence against

But **greater than chance **

Question 22

Emotional Expression

Explain generalisablity.

Answer 22

Are emotions expressed and perceived the same way across people and situations?

Question 23

Emotional expression

Why is there a discrepency in identification between posed and spontaneous stimuli?

identification drops with spontaneous stimuli

Answer 23

Because posed expressions are based on a perception of a sterotype for that emotion

is this evidence against generalisability ?

Question 24

Emotional expression

What is used as evidence for generalisability ?

Answer 24

A similar display of facial expressions duing sport for people who were born blind, to non-blind athleates

Speaks to a biological an innate example of emotional expression.

Question 25

Cowen & Keltner (2020)

What did they show about the basic six emotions?

Answer 25

That there are 28 distinct categories, but the categories are overlapping.

beyond the basic six

Question 26

Aside from facial expression

What else has been shown to code emotions?

Answer 26

Body expression

Voices / speech